Terpene/Terpenoid Mega Thread [Archive]

c-ray

09-26-2008, 05:09 PM

okay here we go folks, time to start discussing and researching the aromatic components of Cannabis...bring it on, everything we know and want to know..

firstly some info from Wikipedia:
Terpene (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpene)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Terpenes are a large and varied class of hydrocarbons, produced primarily by a wide variety of plants, particularly conifers, though also by some insects such as swallowtail butterflies, which emit terpenes from their osmeterium.

They are the major components of resin, and of turpentine produced from resin. The name "terpene" is derived from the word "turpentine". In addition to their roles as end-products in many organisms, terpenes are major biosynthetic building blocks within nearly every living creature. Steroids, for example, are derivatives of the triterpene squalene.

When terpenes are modified chemically, such as by oxidation or rearrangement of the carbon skeleton, the resulting compounds are generally referred to as terpenoids. Some authors will use the term terpene to include all terpenoids. Terpenoids are also known as Isoprenoids.

Terpenes and terpenoids are the primary constituents of the essential oils of many types of plants and flowers. Essential oils are used widely as natural flavor additives for food, as fragrances in perfumery, and in traditional and alternative medicines such as aromatherapy. Synthetic variations and derivatives of natural terpenes and terpenoids also greatly expand the variety of aromas used in perfumery and flavors used in food additives. Vitamin A is an example of a terpene.

Structure and biosynthesis

Terpenes are derived biosynthetically from units of isoprene, which has the molecular formula C5H8. The basic molecular formulae of terpenes are multiples of that, (C5H8)n where n is the number of linked isoprene units. This is called the isoprene rule or the C5 rule. The isoprene units may be linked together "head to tail" to form linear chains or they may be arranged to form rings. One can consider the isoprene unit as one of nature's common building blocks.

Isoprene itself does not undergo the building process, but rather activated forms, isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP or also isopentenyl diphosphate) and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP or also dimethylallyl diphosphate), are the components in the biosynthetic pathway. IPP is formed from acetyl-CoA via the intermediacy of mevalonic acid in the HMG-CoA reductase pathway. An alternative, totally unrelated biosynthesis pathway of IPP is known in some bacterial groups and the plastids of plants, the so-called MEP(2-Methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate)-pathway, which is initiated from C5-sugars. In both pathways, IPP is isomerized to DMAPP by the enzyme isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase.

As chains of isoprene units are built up, the resulting terpenes are classified sequentially by size as hemiterpenes, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, sesterterpenes, triterpenes, and tetraterpenes.

Types

Terpenes may be classified by the number of terpene units in the molecule; a prefix in the name indicates the number of terpene units needed to assemble the molecule. A single terpene unit is formed from two molecules of isoprene, so that a monoterpene consists of one terpene but two isoprene units.

Hemiterpenes consist of a single isoprene unit. Isoprene itself is considered the only hemiterpene, but oxygen-containing derivatives such as prenol and isovaleric acid are hemiterpenoids.
Monoterpenes consist of two isoprene units and have the molecular formula C10H16. Examples of monoterpenes are: geraniol, limonene and terpineol.
Sesquiterpenes consist of three isoprene units and have the molecular formula C15H24. Examples of sesquiterpenes are: farnesol. The sesqui- prefix means one and a half.
Diterpenes are composed for four isoprene units and have the molecular formula C20H32. They derive from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate. Examples of diterpenes are cafestol, kahweol, cembrene and taxadiene (precursor of taxol). Diterpenes also form the basis for biologically important compounds such as retinol, retinal, and phytol. They are known to be antimicrobial and antiinflammatory. The herb Sideritis contains diterpenes.
Sesterterpenes, terpenes having 25 carbons and five isoprene units, are rare relative to the other sizes. The sester- prefix means half to three, i.e. two and a half.
Triterpenes consist of six isoprene units and have the molecular formula C30H48. The linear triterpene squalene, the major constituent of shark liver oil, is derived from the reductive coupling of two molecules of farnesyl pyrophosphate. Squalene is then processed biosynthetically to generate either lanosterol or cycloartenol, the structural precursors to all the steroids.
Tetraterpenes contain eight isoprene units and have the molecular formula C40H64. Biologically important tetraterpenes include the acyclic lycopene, the monocyclic gamma-carotene, and the bicyclic alpha- and beta-carotenes.
Polyterpenes consist of long chains of many isoprene units. Natural rubber consists of polyisoprene in which the double bonds are cis. Some plants produce a polyisoprene with trans double bonds, known as gutta-percha.

and

Terpenoid (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpenoid)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The terpenoids, sometimes referred to as isoprenoids, are a large and diverse class of naturally-occurring organic chemicals similar to terpenes, derived from five-carbon isoprene units assembled and modified in thousands of ways. Most are multicyclic structures that differ from one another not only in functional groups but also in their basic carbon skeletons. These lipids can be found in all classes of living things, and are the largest group of natural products.

Plant terpenoids are used extensively for their aromatic qualities. They play a role in traditional herbal remedies and are under investigation for antibacterial, antineoplastic, and other pharmaceutical functions. Terpenoids contribute to the scent of eucalyptus, the flavors of cinnamon, cloves, and ginger, and the color of yellow flowers. Well-known terpenoids include citral, menthol, camphor, Salvinorin A in the plant Salvia divinorum, and the cannabinoids found in Cannabis.

The steroids and sterols in animals are biologically produced from terpenoid precursors. Sometimes terpenoids are added to proteins, e.g., to enhance their attachment to the cell membrane; this is known as isoprenylation.

Many of these are substrates for plant Cytochrome P450.

Structure and classification

Terpenes are hydrocarbons resulting from the combination of several isoprene units. Terpenoids can be thought of as modified terpenes, wherein methyl groups have been moved or removed, or oxygen atoms added. (Some authors use the term "terpene" more broadly, to include the terpenoids.) Just like terpenes, the terpenoids can be classified according to the number of isoprene units used:

Monoterpenoids, 2 isoprene units
Sesquiterpenoids, 3 isoprene units
Diterpenoids, 4 isoprene units
Sesterterpenoids, 5 isoprene units
Triterpenoids, 6 isoprene units
Tetraterpenoids, 8 isoprene units
Polyterpenoids with a larger number of isoprene units

Terpenoids can also be classified according to the number of cyclic structures they contain.

and also

Essential oil (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_oil)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

An essential oil is a concentrated, hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aroma compounds from plants. They are also known as volatile or ethereal oils, or simply as the "oil of" the plant material from which they were extracted, such as oil of clove. An oil is "essential" in the sense that it carries a distinctive scent, or essence, of the plant. Essential oils do not as a group need to have any specific chemical properties in common, beyond conveying characteristic fragrances. They are not to be confused with essential fatty acids.

Essential oils are generally extracted by distillation. Other processes include expression, or solvent extraction. They are used in perfumes, cosmetics and bath products, for flavoring food and drink, and for scenting incense and household cleaning products.

Various essential oils have been used medicinally at different periods in history. Medical applications proposed by those who sell medicinal oils range from skin treatments to remedies for cancer, and are often based on historical use of these oils for these purposes. Such claims are now subject to regulation in most countries, and have grown correspondingly more vague, to stay within these regulations.

Interest in essential oils has revived in recent decades, with the popularity of aromatherapy, a branch of alternative medicine which claims that the specific aromas carried by essential oils have curative effects. Oils are volatilized or diluted in a carrier oil and used in massage, or burned as incense, for example.

c-ray

09-26-2008, 05:28 PM

List of Terpenes/Terpenoids Present in Cannabis

I will keep adding to this post all the aromatic compounds that I find referenced in various analyses of Cannabis...

monoterpenoids (C10H16)

alloaromadendrene (pb (http://www.pherobase.com/database/kovats/kovats-detail-alloaromadendrene.php))
camphene (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camphene) (pb (http://www.pherobase.com/database/kovats/kovats-detail-camphene.php))
Δ3-carene (pb (http://www.pherobase.com/database/kovats/kovats-detail-3-carene.php))
limonene (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limonene) (pb (http://www.pherobase.com/database/kovats/kovats-detail-limonene.php))
trans-linalool oxide (pb (http://www.pherobase.com/database/kovats/kovats-detail-trans-linalool%20oxide.php))
myrcene (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrcene) (pb (http://www.pherobase.com/database/kovats/kovats-detail-myrcene.php))
β-myrcene
cis-epoxy-ocimene
trans-β-ocimene (pb (http://www.pherobase.com/database/kovats/kovats-detail-trans-beta-ocimene.php))
β-phellandrene (pb (http://www.pherobase.com/database/kovats/kovats-detail-beta-phellandrene.php))
α-pinene (pb (http://www.pherobase.com/database/kovats/kovats-detail-alpha-pinene.php))
β-pinene (pb (http://www.pherobase.com/database/kovats/kovats-detail-beta-pinene.php))
sabicene hydrate
α-terpinene (pb (http://www.pherobase.com/database/kovats/kovats-detail-alpha-terpinene.php))
γ-terpinene (pb (http://www.pherobase.com/database/kovats/kovats-detail-gamma-terpinene.php))
terpinolene
epoxy-terpinolene

monoterpenoids (C10H180)

linalool (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linalool) (pb (http://www.pherobase.com/database/kovats/kovats-detail-linalool.php))
terpinene-4-ol (pb (http://www.pherobase.com/database/kovats/kovats-detail-terpinen-4-ol.php))
α-terpineol (pb (http://www.pherobase.com/database/kovats/kovats-detail-alpha-terpineol.php))

monoterpene phenols (C10H14O)

para cymene-8-ol (pb (http://www.pherobase.com/database/kovats/kovats-detail-p-cymen-8-ol.php))

sesquiterpenoids (C15H24)

α-bergamotene
cis-α-bergamotene (pb (http://www.pherobase.com/database/kovats/kovats-detail-alpha-cis-bergamotene.php))
trans-α-bergamotene (pb (http://www.pherobase.com/database/kovats/kovats-detail-alpha-trans-bergamotene.php))
β-bisabolene (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisabolene) (pb (http://www.pherobase.com/database/kovats/kovats-detail-beta-bisabolene.php))
β-bourbonene (pb (http://www.pherobase.com/database/kovats/kovats-detail-beta-bourbonene.php))
Δ-cadinene (pb (http://www.pherobase.com/database/kovats/kovats-detail-delta-cadinene.php))
γ-cadinene (pb (http://www.pherobase.com/database/kovats/kovats-detail-gamma-cadinene.php))
caryophyllene oxide (pb (http://www.pherobase.com/database/kovats/kovats-detail-caryophyllene%20oxide.php))
β-caryophyllene (pb (http://www.pherobase.com/database/kovats/kovats-detail-beta-caryophyllene.php))
isocaryophyllene (pb (http://www.pherobase.net/database/kovats/kovats-detail-isocaryophyllene.php))
α-copaene (pb (http://www.pherobase.com/database/kovats/kovats-detail-alpha-copaene.php))
curcumene
β-farnesene
trans-β-farnesene
germacrene B (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germacrene) (pb (http://www.pherobase.com/database/kovats/kovats-detail-germacrene%20B.php))
α-guaiene (pb (http://www.pherobase.com/database/kovats/kovats-detail-alpha-guaiene.php))
α-humulene
epoxy humulene
α-muurolene (pb (http://www.pherobase.com/database/kovats/kovats-detail-alpha-muurolene.php))
γ-muurolene (pb (http://www.pherobase.com/database/kovats/kovats-detail-gamma-muurolene.php))
nerolidol
selina-3,7(11)-diene
α-selinene (pb (http://www.pherobase.com/database/kovats/kovats-detail-alpha-selinene.php))
7-epi-α-selinene
β-selinene (pb (http://www.pherobase.com/database/kovats/kovats-detail-beta-selinene.php))
γ-selinene (pb (http://www.pherobase.com/database/kovats/kovats-detail-gamma-selinene.php))
β-sesquiphellandrene (pb (http://www.pherobase.com/database/kovats/kovats-detail-beta-sesquiphellandrene.php))
spathulenol (pb (http://www.pherobase.com/database/kovats/kovats-detail-spathulenol.php))
α-ylangene (pb (http://www.pherobase.com/database/kovats/kovats-detail-alpha-ylangene.php))

aliphatic esters

hexyl butyrate (pb (http://www.pherobase.com/database/kovats/kovats-detail-hexyl%20butyrate.php))

hetero compounds

hexyl hexanoate (pb (http://www.pherobase.com/database/kovats/kovats-detail-hexyl%20hexanoate.php))

phenylpropanes

trans-anethole (pb (http://www.pherobase.com/database/kovats/kovats-detail-trans-anethole.php))

aromatic acids

phtalic acid diethyl ester

misc compounds

α,β-unsaturated ketone

55 terpenoids in this list
pb = link to pherobase.com entry

c-ray

09-26-2008, 05:40 PM

from http://article.pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/ppv/RPViewDoc?issn=1480-3291&volume=43&issue=12&startPage=3372

ESSENTIAL OILS AND THEIR CONSTITUENTS
XX1X.l THE ESSENTIAL OIL OF MARIHUANA:
COMPOSITION OF GENUINE INDIAN CANNABIS SATIVA L.
K. L. HANDA, I. C. NIGAM AND LEO LEVI
Pharmaceutical Chenzistry Division, Food and Drug Directorate, Ottawa, Canada
Received July 2, 1965

ABSTRACT
The essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation of freshly harvested Indian Cannabis sativa was found to contain the following constituents that have not previously been reported:
α-pinene, camphene, β-pinene, α-terpinene, β-phellandrene, γ-terpinene, linalool, trans-linalool oxide, sabicene hydrate, α-bergamotene, terpinene-4-ol, β-farnesene, α-terpineol, α-selinene, curcumene, and caryophyllene oxide. The presence of trace amounts of two alcohols and of an α,β-unsaturated ketone, for which gas chromatographic and spectral characteristics are recorded, was also detected

c-ray

09-26-2008, 05:48 PM

from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa4091/is_200305/ai_n9299539/pg_1?tag=artBody;col1
Composition of the essential oils and extracts of two populations of Cannabis sativa L. ssp. spontanea from Austria
Novak, Johannes

Abstract

The essential oil and the solvent extract of two populations of Cannabis sativa L. ssp. spontanea growing wild in Austria were analyzed comparatively. In the essential oil, myrcene (31% and 27%, respectively), (E)-beta-ocimene (13% and 3%, respectively) and beta-caryophyllene (11 % and 16%, respectively) were found, while in the solvent extract the non-hallucinogeneous cannabidiol (77% and 59%, respectively) dominated. The hallucinogeneous delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) was also found in the solvent extract at a level of less than 1%.

The Plant

In Cannabis sativa L. ssp. spontanea (formerly Cannabis ruderalis) (Cannabaceae) the perianth of the female flowers is in contrast to C. sativa ssp. sativa still present; the fruit is brownish and has a peduncle-like ringbulge. It is a ruderal, but a rare plant in the east of Austria (1).

Source

Two populations of C. sativa L. ssp. spontanea ("Albrechtsfeld" and "Schoschtolacke") from the region of lake Neusiedl, Burgenland, eastern Austria were sampled in June, 1998, at the beginning of seed ripening. At each population upper parts of approximately 10 plants were sampled. Voucher specimens were deposited in the Herbarium of the Institute for Applied Botany, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna.

Plant Part

For distillation and extraction, only fresh material was used, since drying results in a high loss (30-40%) of the essential oil (2). Twenty g of fresh plant material (upper plant parts) were distilled in a modified Clevenger apparatus for 3 h. The solvent extracts were prepared by adding CH^sub 2^Cl^sub 2^ to 1 g fresh material of hemp (upper plant parts); extraction was performed in an ultrasonic bath for 15 min.

The essential oil (5 (mu)L) was diluted with CH^sub 2^Cl^sub 2^ (495 (mu)L) prior to analyses. GC/MS-analyses were performed on a HP 6890 coupled with a HP 5972 MSD and fitted with a HP 30 m x 0.25 mm capillary column coated with HP-5MS (0.25 (mu)m film thickness). The analytical conditions were: carrier gas helium, injector temperature 250 deg C, split ratio 50:1, temperature programme 50 deg -140 deg C at 5 deg C/min and 140-170 deg C at 2 deg C/min. Components were identified by comparing their retention indices (RI) and mass spectra (3-5).

Previous Work

The essential oil of C. sativa has been the subject of previous studies (2, 6-15 and references cited therein).

Present Work

Mono- and sesquiterpenes: The oil of C. sativa L. ssp. spontanea contains as main compounds alpha-pinene (9% and 6%, respectively), myrcene (32% and 28%, respectively), beta-- caryophyllene (11% and 16%, respectively) and beta-caryophyllene oxide (7% and 8%, respectively) (Table I). However, the main differences between the two populations could be found in the high content of (E)-beta-ocimene with a very high content of 12.6% from "Albrechtsfeld" and a low content of 3% from "Schoschtolacke." Compared to "Schoschtolacke," the content of alpha-humulene was approximately the half at "Albrechtsfeld" (3.2%).

The oil compositions reported here differ very much from Ross et al. (2), Hendriks et al. (8) and Nigam et al. (13), where (E)-beta-ocimene was only found in traces or not at all. Hendriks et al. (8) and Nigam et al. (13) found alpha-pinene, beta-- pinene and myrcene at alevel of less than 1%, beta-caryophyllene instead reached 37% and 45%, respectively. In contrast, Ross et al. (2) noticed beta-caryophyllene to be present at only 1.3%. Myrcene (67%) and limonene (16%) were much higher than reported elsewhere (2). The Austrian populations of this report are within the range of (12) where different cultivars (especially European fiber cultivars) were analyzed.

Composition of cannabinoids: Regarding the cannabinoids in the oil, relatively high percentages of the non-- hallucinogeneous cannabidiol (CBD) (9.8% "Albrechtsfeld" and 10.9% "Schoschtolacke," respectively) could be found. The hallucinogenic delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) was only present at "Schoschtolacke," and here only at low amounts (0.7%). CBD in the oil was still very high, but it's content was strictly dependant on the distillation conditions. The presence of cannabinoids in oils at higher amounts (11,17 and this report) as well as the almost absence of cannabinoids (12 and 16) are also dependant on distillation conditions and the state of the plant material being distilled. In the solvent extract, the content of CBD was extremely high (76.6% and 58.8%, respectively), while THC was always (even in the extract) below 1%. These can be regarded as being populations with a low content of THC, while the amount of CBD (especially in the extracts) was very high. So the ratio of CBD/THC, which is used for characterizing and distinguishing "fiber" from "drug" genotypes (18), is very much in favor of the fiber types.

Alkanes: Hendriks et al. (19) found nonacosane as main compound in the alkane-fraction obtained by extraction (55%) and at 11% in the oil. Nonacosane was also detected in the extracts of our study at 9% ("Albrechtsfeld") and 18% ("Schoschtolacke"), while it was absent in the oil (Table I).

References

1. W. Adler, K. Oswald, and R. Fischer, Exkursionsflora von Osterreich. p365, Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart, (1994).

2. S. A. Ross and M. A. ElSohly, The volatile oil composition of fresh and air-dried buds of Cannabis saliva, J. Nat. Prod., 59, 49-51 (1996).

3. R. P. Adams, Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy. Allured Publishing Corporation, Carol Stream, Illinois (1995).

4. F. W. McLafferty, Wiley Registry of Mass Spectral Data. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York (1989).

5. T. Mills III. and J. C. Roberson, Instrumental Data for Drug Analysis. Elsevier, Amsterdam (1987).

6. G. Fournier and M. R. Paris, Variabffite de la composition chimique de I'huile essentielle de Chanvre (Cannabis saliva Linnaeus). Rivista Ital. EPPOS, 60, 504-510 (1978).

7. H. Hendriks and A. P. Bruins, A tentative identification of components in the essential oil of Cannabis saliva L. by a combination of gas chromatography negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry and retention indices. Biomed. Mass Spectrom., 10, 377-381 (1983).

8. H. Hendriks, Th. M. Malingre, S. Batterman, and R. Bos, Mono- and sesqui-terpene hydrocarbons of the essential oil of Cannabis saliva, Phytochemistry, 14, 814-815 (1975).

9. L. Hanua, The presentstate of knowledge in the chemistry of substances of Cannabis saliva L. III. Terpenoid substances, Acta Universitatis Palackianae Olomucensis, 73, 233-239 (1975).

10. L Lemberkovics, P. Veszki, G. Verzar-Petri and A. Trka, Study on sesquiterpenes of the essential oil in the inflorescence and leaves of Cannabis saliva L. var. Mexico. Sci. Pharm., 49, 401-408 (1981).

11. Th. Malingre, H. Hendriks, S. Batterman, R. Bos and J. Visser, The essential oil of Cannabis sativa, Planta med. 28, 56-61 (1975).

12. V. Mediavilla, and S. Steinemann, Essential oil of Cannabis saliva L. strains, J, Internet. Hemp Assoc., 4, 82-84 (1997).

13. MC. Nigam, K. L. Handa, I. C. Nigam, K. L. Levi, Essential oils and their constituents. XXIX. The essential oil of marihuana: composition of genuine Indian Cannabis saliva L., Can. J. Chem., 43, 3372-3376 (1965).

14. M. Paris, L'essence de Cannabis: parfum mysterieux, Rivista Ital. EPPOS, 57, 83-86 (1975).

15. E. Stahl and R. Kunde, Neue Inhaltsstoffe aus dem atherischen 01 von Cannabis saliva, Tetrahedron Lett., 30, 2841-2844 (1973).

16. J. Novak, K. Zitterl-Egiseer, S.G. Deans and Ch. Franz, Essential oils of

different cultivars of Cannabis saliva L. and their antimicrobial activity, Flav. Fragr. J., 16, 259-262 (2001).

17. Th. Malingre, H. Hendriks, S. Batterman and R. Bos, The presence of cannabinoid components in the essential oil of Cannabis saliva L., Pharm. Weekbl., 108, 549-552 (1973),

18. I. Bocsa, and M. Kraus, Der Hanlanbau. Botanik, Sorten, Anbau and Emte. C.F.Miller, Heidelberg (1997).

19. H. Hendriks, Th. Malingre, S. Batterman and R. Bos, Alkanes of the essential oil of Cannabis saliva, Phytochemistry, 16, 719-721 (1977).

Johannes Novak* and Chlodwig Franz

Institute for Applied Botany, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinarplatz 1, A-1210 Wien, Austria

Copyright Allured Publishing Corporation May/Jun 2003

c-ray

09-26-2008, 06:07 PM

from http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bsc/boj/2005/00000147/00000004/art00001;jsessionid=3pdf3jcn2vbu8.alice?format=pri nt
Cannabis sativa: volatile compounds from pollen and entire male and female plants of two variants, Northern Lights and Hawaian Indica

Authors: ROTHSCHILD, MIRIAM; BERGSTRÖM, GUNNAR; WÄNGBERG, STEN-ÅKE1

Source: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, Volume 147, Number 4, April 2005 , pp. 387-397(11)

Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell

Abstract:

Sixty-eight compounds were identified by coupled gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in the chemosphere of Cannabis sativa L. pollen and entire male and female plants of two cultivated varieties, Northern Lights and Hawaian Indica. Twenty-one and 28 substances, respectively, were present in pollen of the two forms. To conserve the natural composition of volatiles a delicate headspace method was employed. The two varieties represent different chemotypes which distinguish themselves, in the main quantitatively, in the setup of volatiles from pollen and entire male and female plants. Twenty compounds were monoterpenes, including the five major components: β-myrcene (E)-β-ocimene, terpinolene, β-pinene and limonene; 25 were sesquiterpenes, and the other 23 were of mixed biogenetic origin, including 3-methyl-1-butanol and benzylalcohol which occurred only in pollen; two pyrazines occurred only in Northern Lights females. Besides being of interest in natural products chemistry, the results should have relevance for plant systematics and for the pharmaceutical and technical applications of Cannabis. We demonstrate that the pollen has a distinct chemical character in possessing two exclusive volatiles, while lacking seven compounds occurring in males and females of both variants.

c-ray

09-26-2008, 06:11 PM

from http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=1087795
Essential oils of different cultivars of Cannabis sativa L. and their antimicrobial activity

NOVAK Johannes (1) ; ZITTERL-EGISEER Karin (1) ; DEANS Stanley G. (2) ; FRANZ Chlodwig M. (1) ;
Affiliation(s) du ou des auteurs / Author(s) Affiliation(s)
(1) Institute for Applied Botany, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Wien, AUTRICHE
(2) Scottish Agricultural College, Auchincruive, KA6 5HW Ayr, ROYAUME-UNI

Résumé / Abstract
The essential oils of five different cultivars of Cannabis sativa contained as main compounds α-pinene, myrcene, trans-β-ocimene, α-terpinolene, trans-caryophyllene and α-humulene. The content of α-terpinolene divided the cultivars in two distinct groups, an Eastern European group of cultivars of approximately 8% and a French group of cultivars of around 16%. Therefore, this compound might be suitable as a genetic marker for the two breeding centres for the fibre types of Cannabis sativa. The content of trans-caryophyllene was up to 19%. However, the content of caryophyllene oxide did not exceed 2%. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Cannabis sativa can be regarded as modest. Nevertheless, cultivar differences were visible. A-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) could not be detected in any of the essential oils and the amount of other cannabinoids was very poor.

guest

09-26-2008, 06:16 PM

:clap::headbang::clap:
Dude, you fookin rock the house down.
I am sure we will have fun researching and identifying the properties of each of them.
Blessed!
:rollj::pimp:

c-ray

09-26-2008, 06:50 PM

yes I....this is going to be fun 4 sure

from http://www.hempreport.com/issues/14/farm14.html#composition
Hemp Essential Oil: Sweet Smell of Success
By Dr. Sumach

Early test offerings of industrial hemp essence from GEN-X Research (Regina, Saskatchewan) are rather wonderful. Here is the captured soul dew of a living hemp meadow under big clear sunny skies, fifty pounds of fresh hemp buds reduced to a single ounce of hemp essential oil. The initial sensation of freshness is astounding

Introducing a new aromatic to the world is like discovering a new planet or finding gold on vacation. It is a lot of work to make hemp essence; an acre of hemp yields just 3 to 5 litres of essence at an extraction rate of 0.15 % -- a mere fraction of one percent. Pure certified organic aromatic motherboard hemp essence is expensive -- $2,000 US per litre -- but this anoints a lot of product.

Swiss Hemp farmers began distilling hemp essence almost a decade ago which they calculated as the best return for their high altitude hemp crops. Their people developed an instant niche providing essence for hardcore European manufacturers of Euro hanf /chanvre perfumes, toiletries, and confections. But there is never enough hemp essence to go around.

GEN-X Research contracted a local distiller to produce hemp essential oils under (Health Canada) license -- the first in Canada. GEN-X uses their own licensed hemp. Have investigated terpene test patterns of many different hemp varieties for essential potential, they are preparing to tap the vacant hemp essence niche in North America.

As noted in our previous stories on hemp-content alcohols, there are many similarities in the organic chemistry of cannabis and hops. Both plants contain notable levels of the terpene Micron -- source of their respective characteristic odours. Myrcene appears in much lower concentrations in Juniper berries (an ingredient in Gin) and Frankincense resin (gift to baby Jesus). Recent studies suggest Myrcene has powerful antioxidant properties, and may have important health benefits.

Hemp yields a fraction of 1-% essential oil from the flowers, about the same as hops. It is more efficient to grow and distil a ton of hemp than a ton of hops. Hemp essence has other charms than just smelling nice, it is a mountain of 58 monoterpines and some 38 known sesquiterpines. Destroyed by the process of steam distillation, THC does not pass into the essence. (For composition analysis, click here)
(http://www.hempreport.com/issues/14/OilConstituentreport.html)
Folk tales that tell us that the smell of hemp discourages flies and mosquitoes is rooted in fact -- Limonene, a pleasant smelling citrus-like component in hemp essence is known to be an effective insect repellent, it is not a poison. Limonene is also a potent natural fungicide with a mild antiseptic action. It has a very pleasant smell and is very safe.

and http://www.hempreport.com/issues/14/OilConstituentreport.html
Hemp Essential Oil Analysis Report
Courtesy of: Gen-X Research Regina, Sk.
(Date received: Sept. 27, 2000)

Oil Constituent|Lot "A"|Lot "B"
percent values|"FIN-314 hemp"|"Fasamo hemp"
Myrcene|38.2|40.1
α-Terpinolene|22.2|26.6
trans-Ocimene|20.4|4.1
α-Pinene|6.6|4.2
β-Pinene|1.8|1.4
Limonene|1.2|1.7
β-Phellandrene|0.6|0.4
cis-Ocimene|0.2|0.4
Δ3-Carene|0.1|0.1
Total Monoterpenes|91.3|78.9
trans-Caryophyllene|5.0|9.8
α-Humulene|0.7|2.1
β-Farnesene|0.6|2.0
β-Selinene|0.6|0.5
Caryophyllene oxide|0.5|2.9
Phtalic acid diethyl ester|0.5|2.7
Selina-3,7(11)-diene|0.5|0.7
α-Bergamotene|0.5|0.6
Total Sesquiterpenes|8.9|21.2

Cannabinoid Content||
parts per million (PPM)|Lot "A"|Lot "B"
Δ9THC|less than 1|less than 1
CBN|less than 1|less than 1
CBD|405|595

c-ray

09-26-2008, 07:01 PM

from http://www.internationalhempassociation.org/jiha/jiha4208.html
Essential oil of Cannabis sativa L. strains

Vito Mediavilla and Simon Steinemann

Swiss Federal Research Station for Agroecology and Agriculture, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland
(E-mail: vito.mediavilla@fal.admin.ch http://www.admin.ch/sar/fal/).

Mediavilla, Vito and Simon Steinemann 1997. Essential oil of Cannabis sativa L. strains. Journal of the International Hemp Association 4(2): 80 - 82. The aroma of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) could be of considerable commercial value if evaluation of varieties and development of extraction methods led to a pleasing scent in the resulting essential oils. We compared the composition and smell of some fiber hemp and drug Cannabis essential oils isolated by steam distillation. The essential oil of some hemp strains contained particular monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes that imparted to the specimen a desireable scent. These preliminary one-year results do not take into account the influence that harvest time and the weather "just-before-harvest" could have on the quality of the essential oil. The Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) concentration in the essential oils was very low and varied between 0.02% and 0.08%. The ratio of this compound to cannabidiol showed only small changes during steam distillation.

Introduction

The Cannabis smell is a peculiarity of this plant. Its aroma does not originate from the terpenophenolic cannabinoids, but from the more volatile monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes (Lehmann 1995). Hashish detection dogs, for example, do not smell Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) but are able to smell the sesquiterpene caryophyllene oxide (Stahl and Kunde 1973). According to Turner et al. (1980) 58 monoterpenes and 38 sesquiterpenes have been identified in hemp. Using steam distillation, it is possible to concentrate most of these components to an essential oil.

Many utilizations for hemp essential oil are known. They impart the typical Cannabis aroma to such products as cosmetics, soaps, shampoos, creams, oils, perfumes and also to foodstuffs. Additional possible uses are for aroma therapy and as a means for plant protection. According to McPartland (1997), two essential hemp oil components (limonene and alpha-pinene) have a repellent effect against many insects. The bacteriostatic activity of hemp essential oil has been reported by Fournier et al. (1978). Although first trials of hemp essential oil used against potato late blight (Phytophthora infestans) were not promising (Krebs 1996), cannabinoid antifungal activity cannot be discounted.

The aim of the work presented here was to assess the variability of hemp essential oil from different Cannabis strains.

Materials and methods

Fiber and drug cultivars (Tab. 1) were grown in 1996 near Zurich, Switzerland (approximately 47º 25’ N, 8º 30’ E, 400 m elevation). The crop was harvested between the end of flowering and seed ripeness. Flowers and the upper leaflets of female or hermaphrodite plants were cut by hand and freshly distilled. Steam distillation in a copper still with 0.5 kg plant material took 30 minutes. The essential oil was collected using a lighter-than-water volatile oil apparatus consisting of a glass funnel. Monoterpene and sesquiterpene analyses were carried out by GC/MS, and cannabinoid analyses by GC alone.

Scent tests were performed with 15 volunteers who took part in smelling hemp essential oils diluted with jojoba oil (1: 5).

Results

The yield of hemp essential oil amounted to approximately 1.3 liter/ton fresh weight, which corresponds to about 10 liters per hectare. No quantitative yield assessment was done.

We could characterize 16 terpenoid compounds in the essential oil of different Cannabis strains (Tab. 2). The concentration of monoterpenes was generally higher than that of sesquiterpenes, varying from 47.9% to 92.1% of total terpene content. Sesquiterpene concentrations varied from 5.2% to 48.6%. The most abundant substance was myrcene, followed by trans-caryophyllene, alpha-pinene, trans-ocimene and alpha-terpinolene. The composition of the different essential oils varied greatly. For example, the oil of strain B 3985 TE was rich in alpha-pinene, beta-pinene and limonene concentration, ‘Felina 34’ was high in alpha-terpinolene and the fiber cultivar ‘Ferimon 12’ had a large caryophyllene oxide concentration. Drug types were generally lower in caryophyllene oxide content. The best fragrance rating ("quite good") was ‘Felina 34’, and the one with the least favorable rating ("quite bad") was ‘Fedora 19’ (Tab. 2).

THC concentration in the essential oil was very low, even in drug varieties, reaching 0.08% in Swissmix (Tab. 3). THC concentration was lower and the ratio of THC to cannabidiol was not higher in the essential oil compared to the inflorescences.

Discussion

The characterized compounds are the major constituents of hemp essential oil as described by Hendriks et al. (1975), Turner et al. (1980) and Ross and ElSohly (1996). Because of its low volatility and water insolubility (Malingré et al. 1975), THC concentrations in the essential oils were low. Therefore, the use of this steam distilled oil for drug purposes is not expected.

Smell is, of course, a very subjective phenomenon. For that reason, smell test ratings varied considerably. Oils with high sesquiterpene concentrations received a low rating, meaning that they smelled badly. In contrast, oils with high monoterpene percentages (but a low alpha-humulene or caryophyllene oxide concentration) got a high rating. Surprisingly, a mixed oil from different strains received the best rating. This could be an important consideration for future commercial use.

These preliminary results must be interpreted with caution. Harvest stage and the weather "just-before-harvest" may influence the quality of this essential oil, which could be developed into a promising product for the cosmetic, food, medical and plant protection sectors.

References

Fournier G., M. R. Paris., M. C. Fourniat and A. M. Quero, 1978. Activité bactériostatique d’huiles essentielles de Cannabis sativa L.. [Bacteriostatic activity of Cannabis sativa L. essential oil.] Annales pharmaceu-tiques françaises 36 (11-12): 603-606.
Hendriks H., T. M. Malingré, S. Battermann and R. Bos, 1975. Mono- and sesqui-terpene hydrocarbons of the essential oil of Cannabis sativa. Phytochemistry 14: 814-815.
Krebs H., 1996. Personal communication, Swiss Federal Research Station for Agroecology and Agriculture.
Lehmann T., 1995. Chemische Profilierung von Cannabis sativa L. [Chemical profile of Cannabis sativa L.] Doctoral Thesis, Pharmazeutisches Institut Universität Bern.
Malingré T., H. Herndriks, S. Battermann, R. Bos and J. Visser, 1975. The essential oil of Cannabis sativa. Planta medica 28: 56-61.
McPartland J. M., 1997. Personal communication.
Ross S. A and M. ElSohly, 1996. The volatile oil composition of fresh and air-dried buds of Cannabis sativa. Journal of Natural Products 59: 49-51.
Stahl E. and R. Kunde, 1973. Die Leitsubstanzen der Haschisch-Suchhunde. [Leading substances for hashish narcotic dogs.] Kriminalistik 9: 385-388.
Turner C. E., M. A. Elsohly and E. G. Boeren, 1980. Constituents of Cannabis sativa L. XVII. A review of the natural constituents. Journal of Natural Products 43 (2): 169-234.

Green Supreme

09-26-2008, 08:36 PM

Go C go. Its gonna take me a week to digest that. Peace GS

c-ray

09-27-2008, 02:25 AM

Loki

09-27-2008, 06:33 AM

So, if all these compounds can be identified, isolated and extracted, we could have custom blended weed aromas. That would be very cool.

The Cannarchist

09-27-2008, 07:56 AM

Strangely enough.......:muahaha:

There is a market for cannibinoid terpenes in the perfume industry.

Eau de Cannabis anybody?

One plant this year I just wanted to roll in....:D

c-ray

09-27-2008, 08:19 AM

perfumes are thc free so....just need a place to grow all those plants
50lbs of bud to make 1 ounce of essential oil
10000 plants per hectare @ 1 plant per square metre = roughly 10000 lbs or 200 ounce of essential oil which could be worth say $200 an ounce or about $8 a ml at the retail end...so incomes of $10,000+ per hectare for the farmer are entirely possible
one limitation would be the amount of material that one could process on a daily basis, if it were possible to process fresh material maybe using low pressure co2..otherwise plants could be dried to a certain level and stored and processed over the winter
a co2 extractor would be pretty key I'd imagine, and it would be possible to figure out the size of the extractor that is needed based on how much acreage is sown

Nirrity

09-29-2008, 07:21 PM

Always wondering does anything get losted during water bubblehash extraction...

Greens

10-04-2008, 01:32 AM

Great thread, c-ray.

I'm a real limonene and pinene FREAK! Also, whatever makes that sweet seasoning meaty smell in the GG is awesome too (myrcene?).

I am convinced that terpenes/terpenoids play a role in the type of high resulting from different strains of herb.

Skunky strains are always stupifying.

Lemony strains deliver a soaring, uplifting high with fast onset.

Perfumy strains are also uplifting, but not quite as noticeable.

Berry smelling strains are relaxing and mellow.

Piney strains are heavy and stupifying.

Sour grape mixed with black licorice strains are usually quite couchy, but euphoric.

Meaty/seasoning strains are very euphoric and are long lasting (usually creeper too).

Musky/spicy strains tend to be very energetic and can get the heart going.

Of course, there are exceptions to these. I mean, a piney strain that has very little THC is not going to be very heavy. Also, these smells are often mixed together in the same strain, resulting in very complex highs.

Greens

Mike Lowrey

10-16-2008, 05:43 PM

Very awesome Thread Bring on the K smelling perfume... Big ups Cray...

c-ray

10-29-2008, 01:30 PM

this could be useful

jefbzh

10-29-2008, 01:40 PM

tks cray is good thread can i use this ?just for the vibes ?
tks again
jef

Monseigneur Stroganoff

10-29-2008, 03:39 PM

thankyou c-ray!!

Green Supreme

09-21-2009, 03:18 AM

The Volatile Oil Composition of Fresh and Air-Dried Buds of Cannabis sativa.
Scooped this from another site.
The Volatile Oil Composition of Fresh and Air-Dried Buds of Cannabis sativa

Link to PDF study
http://cannabis-science.com/papers/oil%20comp%20cannabis.pdf.

Samir A. Rossi and Mahmoud A. ElSohly*?'J
Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677,
and Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677

Received January 12, 1995@

The composition of the steam-distilled volatile oil of fresh and air-dried, indoor-grown marijuana was studied by GC/FID and GC/MS. In all, 68 components were detected of which 57 were fully identified. Drying of the plant material had no effect on the qualitative composition of the oil and did not affect the ability of individuals familiar with marijuana smell to recognize the odor.
__________________peace GS

Alchemist

11-13-2009, 05:24 PM

hey guys, whats the yield on canna essential oils?

rose petals had the lowest yield ive seen, 0.5% w/w

mints usually have around 2-4%

liquid co2 is best for essential oils!!

great discussion!

c-ray

11-13-2009, 08:39 PM

I am guessing 1-2%

Monseigneur Stroganoff

09-07-2010, 06:18 PM

icmag

"Myrcene is the most prevalent terpene found in most varieties of marijuana but not found in hemp. It is also present in high amounts in hops, lemon grass, East Indian bay tree, verbena and the plant from which it derives its name mercia. Myrcene appears in small amounts in the essential oils of many other plants.

Its odor is variously described as clove like, earthy, green-vegatative, citrus, fruity with tropical mango and minty nuances(In fact, myrcene is found in large qauntities in cavalo, rosa, espada, and paulista mangos). The various odors are the result of slight differences in the overall esential oil makeup. All of these flavors and odors are commonly used to describe Cannabis.

Myrcene is a potent analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antibiotic. It blocks the actions of cytochrome, aflatoxin B and other pro-mutagens that are implicated in carcinogenesis. It is present in small amounts in many essential oils associated with anti-depressive and uplifting behavior.

Myrcene is probably a synergist of THC: A combination of the two molecules creates a stronger experience than THC alone. Myrcene probably affects the permiability of the cell membranes, thus it may allow more THC to reach brain cells.

LIMONENE is found in the rinds of citrus and many other fruits and flowers. It is the second, third or fourth most prevalent terpene in cannabis resins. Everyone is familiar with the odor of citrus resins. They explode into the air when a fruit is peeled. The exact order is determined by the structure of the terpene.

Limonene has anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and anti cancer activities. It inhibits the ras cancer gene cascade, which promotes tumor growth. It is used to synergistically promote the absorbtion of other terpenes by penetrating cell membranes. Limonene sprays are also used to treat depression.

Since Limonene is such a potent anti-fungal and anti-cancer agent, it is thought to protect against aspergillus fungi and carcinogens found in cannabis smoke streams
.
Plants use Limonene to repulse predators. For instance, flies have a group of receptors similar in function to the taste buds on our tongues. One of them detects noxious chemicals, and responds to Limonene as if it were toxic. This is hard wired into the flies brain.

In humans, Limonene's design facilitates a direct response by quickly permeating the blood-brain barrier. The result is increased systolic blood pressure. One test, reported subjective alertness and restlessness. Various Limonene analogs can cue the brain to sexuality, buoyancy, or focused attention.

Caryophylene is a major terpene found in black pepper(15-25%), clove(10-20%) and cotton(15-25%). It is found in smaller %'s in many other herbs, and spices. It has a sweet, woody and dry clove odor and tastes pepper spicy with camphor and astringent citrus backgrounds. It contributes to black pepper's spiciness. The oil is used industrially to enhance tobacco flavor.

Caryophylene, given in high amounts, is a calcium and potassium ion channel blocker. As a result, it impedes the pressure excerted by heart muscles. As a topical it is analgesic and is one of the active constituents that makes clove oil, a preferred treatment for toothache.
It does not seam to be involved in mood change.

Pinene is the familiar odor associated with pine trees and their resins. It is the major component in turpentine and is found in many other plant essential oils in noticeable amounts including rosemary, sage, and eucalyptus. Many additional plant oils contain pinene.

Pinene is used medically as an expectorant, and topical antiseptic. It easily crosses the blood-brain barrier where it acts as a acetylcholinesterase inhibitor; that is, it inhibits activity of a chemical that destroys an information transfer molecule. This results in better memory. Largely due to the presence of pinene, rosemary and sage are both considered "memory plants."
Concoctions made from their leaves have been used for thousands of years in traditional medicine to retain and restore memory.

Pinene probably gives true skunk varieties, the ones that stink like the animal, much of their odor. It is also a bronchodilator. The smoke seems to expand in your lungs and the high comes on very quickly since a high percentage of the substance will pass into the bloodstream and brain. It also increases focus, self satisfaction and energy, which seems counterintuitive, but for the presence of terpineol.

TERPINEOL has a lilac, citrus or apple blossom/lime odor. It is a minor constituent of many plant essential oils. It is used in perfumes and soaps for fragrance.

Terpineol is obtained commercially from processing other turpines. It reduces motillity- the capability for movement- by 45% in lab rat tests. This may account for the couchlock effects of some cannabis although that odor is not usually associated with body highs. However, Terpineol is often found in cannabis with high pinene levels. Its odor would be masked by the pungent woodsy aromas of pinene.

BORNEOL smells much like the menthol aroma of camphor and is easily converted into it. It is found in small quantities in many essential oils. Comercially it is derived from artemisia plants such as wormwood and some species of cinnamon.

It is considered a "calming sedative" in chinese medicine. It is directed for fatigue, recovery from illness and stress.

The camphor like overtones of Silver Haze varieties are unmistakable. The high does have a calming effect as well as its psychedelic aspects. This probably means there is a large amounts of borneol present.

DELTA 3-CARENE has a sweet pungent odor. It is a constituent of pine and cedar resin but is found in many other plants including rosemary. In aroma therapy, cypress oil, high in D-3-carene, is used to dry excess fluids, tears, running noses, excess menstrual flow and perspiration. It may contribute to the dry eye and mouth experienced by some marijuana users.

LINALOOL has a floral scent reminiscent of spring flowers such as lily of the valley, but with spicy overtones. It is refined from lavender, neroli, and other essential oils. Humans can detect its odor at rates as low as one part per million in the air.

Linalool is being tested now for treatment of several types of cancer. It is also a component of several sedating essential oils. In tests on humans who inhaled it, it caused severe sedation. In tests on lab rats it reduced there activity by almost 75%.

PULEGONE has a minty-camphor odor and flavor that is used in the candy industry. It is implicated in liver damage in very high dosages. It is found in tiny quantities in marijuana.

Pulegone is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. That is, it stops the action of the protein that destroys acetylcholine, which is used by the brain to store memories. It may counteract THC's activity, which leads to low acetylcholine levels. The result is you would forget more on THC alone than THC accompanied by pulegone.

1,8-CINEOLE is the main ingredient in oil of eucalyptus. It has camphor-minty odor. It is also found in other fragrant plants and in minor amounts in marijuana. It is used to increase circulation, pain relief and has other topical uses.

Cineole easily crosses the blood-brain-barrier and triggers a fast olfactory reaction. Eucalyptus oil is considered centering, balancing and stimulating. It is probably the stimulating and thought provoking part of the cannabis smoke stream."

Green Supreme

09-09-2010, 06:23 AM

More from IC mag

This is what Sam wrote to the Society of Cannabis Clinicians:

"To the Society of Cannabis Clinicians:
Most interesting to me are the modulating effects of the 120
Terpenoids found in Cannabis. Pure THC is pretty boring, flat, one dimensional with little individuality. Not sure I would be a Cannabis smoker if THC was all there was. But add a small amount of Terpenoids and the picture changes, some Terpenoids like Limonene make the subjective high much faster in onset and much stronger, with rushes, more clear, speedy, up, cerebral, euphoric, psychedelic. While other
Terpenoids like Myrcene make the THC physical, mellow, sleepy, as well as stronger.
It has been obvious to me for more then 20 years that Terpenoids played a major role in modulating the effects of THC, but now for the first time I have proof. I did the work with a volcano, using liquid pads for putting the Cannabinoids/Terpenoids on, and used Cannabinoids that were 99%+ purity.
I tried pure THC, THCV, CBD, CBN, CBG, and CBC will be next, I have gram+ amounts of each. I have also tried a dozen pure Terpenoids with and without Cannabinoids. I used the Musty drug reaction scale before and after dosing as well as a better more specific one designed by myself for all of the tastes, smells and effects of the Terpenoid/Cannabinoid
inter-reactions. I have 10 subjects so far doing the testing with me.
The bottom line is that all of the reported different effects of
different varieties of Cannabis are reputed to be from the
Cannabinoids. But besides the effects from THC and very occasional small amounts of CBD found in herbal Cannabis, all of the different reported subjective effects are in fact from the Terpenoids/THC. This has to be good news for proponents of herbal Cannabis over pure THC for medicine? I do not know if the Terpenoids are as active in modulating THC if the dose is oral by eating."

Peace GS

c-ray

10-03-2010, 04:00 AM

these could be useful:
http://www.securityprousa.com/noname124.html
http://www.securityprousa.com/est42exde.html

Monseigneur Stroganoff

10-03-2010, 11:52 AM

Chemical nutrients give a lemony/diesel fuel aroma while organics make for a sweet lemon/slightly skunky smoke

Monseigneur Stroganoff

10-03-2010, 11:55 AM

these could be useful:
http://www.securityprousa.com/noname124.html
http://www.securityprousa.com/est42exde.html

:chin:

Alchemist

10-25-2010, 11:17 PM

Ive been doing a review of the literature available on cannabis and came across this paper...

Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 32 (2004) 875–891
www.elsevier.com/locate/biochemsyseco
A chemotaxonomic analysis of terpenoid
variation in Cannabis
Karl W. Hillig
Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
Received 19 September 2003; accepted 25 April 2004

pretty cool stuff. wish i could just post the pdf here but might cause copyright trouble.

i will paste this part where they list which terpenoids are found in afghani cannabis.

Fig. 1 shows a gas chromatogram of the essential oil of a plant of Afghani origin
(accession Af-3). Peaks 36 (guaiol), 38 (c-eudesmol), and 40 (b-eudesmol) are
bicyclic sesquiterpene alcohols (Fig. 2) that were often prominent on chromatograms
of plants of Afghani origin. Although peak 9 (terpinolene) is prominent in
Fig. 1, this was not a general feature of plants assigned to the WLD biotype. Peak
19 (b-caryophyllene) was prominent on most chromatograms

PEACE

c-ray

10-26-2010, 03:18 AM

good score....how many varietals did they test in that study and how many essential oils did they find? I am still keen on the theory that cannabinoids determine the 'quantity' of the effect and the essential oil complex determines the 'quality' of the effect

Alchemist

10-26-2010, 05:34 PM

check your email inbox C ray. its easier if i send you the whole paper. They tested a lot of different samples but not sure how they verified the origin of each one.

plus there is the whole species debate to further complicate things.

Im really keen on getting into some analysis soon, been talking about it too long. Have a few instruments sitting around and Im trying to review all the literature to find some good methods....

PEACE

Green Supreme

10-26-2010, 06:47 PM

I too am getting into analysis. I have sent a sample of the Budderkings budder in to be tested. Lets really see what it is all about. Peace GS

Alchemist

10-26-2010, 07:05 PM

Hi GS,

where did you send it? what sorts of analysis will be done? how much $?

sorry for all the questions, just curious.

Do you notice that the budder has a shelf life? Does it loose it's whipped creamy appearance after a few weeks and harden to a clear golden goo?

PEACE

c-ray

10-26-2010, 07:31 PM

from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T77-50BKDRR-1&_user=10&_coverDate=11%2F30%2F2010&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=8cf294ba3287efaf299f444383039594&searchtype=a

Fibre hemp inflorescences: From crop-residues to essential oil production

Alessandra Bertolia, , , Sabrina Tozzib, Luisa Pistellia and Luciana G. Angelinib

a Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche-sede Chimica Bioorganica e Biofarmacia, University of Pisa, Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy

b Dipartimento di Agronomia e Gestione dell’Agroecosistema, University of Pisa, S. Michele degli Scalzi 2, 56127 Pisa, Italy
Received 14 December 2009; revised 14 May 2010; accepted 21 May 2010. Available online 19 June 2010.

Abstract

The volatile composition of ten fibre hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) varieties was investigated during two successive growing seasons under temperate climatic conditions in Central Italy.

The freshly plant inflorescences were hydrodistilled and the essential oils (EOs) were characterized by GC–MS. In addition, the composition of the aroma emitted spontaneously from the freshly plant inflorescences were analysed by SPME-GC–MS. The EO yields of eight dioecious (Carmagnola, C.S., Red Petiole, Pop 1, Pop 2, Pop 3, Pop 4, Pop 5) and two monoecious (Codimono and Felina 34) cultivars ranged from 0.11 to 0.25% (w/w) and showed a significant production of α-pinene (3–20%), β-pinene (1–8%), E-ocimene (1–10%), myrcene (8–45%) and terpinolene (0.12–22%).

The monoterpene composition was useful to distinguish the monoecious cultivars from the dioecious ones. β-Caryophyllene (7–28%), α-humulene (3–12%), and caryophyllene oxide (2–6%) were the main sesquiterpenes. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) was present in traces in the EOs of only two dioecious cultivars cultivated in 2005. Cannabinol (CBN) was not detected in the essential oils, while the no-hallucinogenous cannabidiol (CBD) was found as typical volatile constituent in several analysed cultivars. These findings were also confirmed by the headspace GC–MS analysis carried out on the same samples. The analysed EOs obtained from fibre hemp varieties cultivated in Central Italy were characterized by an interesting and specific terpene composition with a legal and safe cannabinoid content. They were obtained from freshly plant inflorescences, which usually represent a waste material from C. sativa L. fibre varieties. The present study strengths the hypothesis to grow hemp as a multi-use crop through a complete utilization of the plant material using inflorescences to produce essential oils as natural flavour and fragrance additives.

c-ray

10-26-2010, 07:49 PM

from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VSC-4XVK3VG-2&_user=10&_coverDate=07%2F31%2F2010&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=8bfa501c25226acbd4b4e63487cf50d1&searchtype=a

Characterization and antimicrobial activity of essential oils of industrial hemp varieties (Cannabis sativa L.)

Lorenzo Nissena, , , Alessandro Zattab, Ilaria Stefaninia, Silvia Grandib, Barbara Sgorbatia, Bruno Biavatia and Andrea Montib

a Microbiology Area, DiSTA (Department of Agroenvironmental Sciences and Technologies), Italy

b GRiCI (Research Group on Industrial Crop), DiSTA, Alma Mater Studiorum, V.le Fanin 44, 40132, Bologna, Italy
Received 25 September 2009; accepted 24 November 2009. Available online 4 December 2009.

Abstract

The present study focused on inhibitory activity of freshly extracted essential oils from three legal (THC < 0.2% w/v) hemp varieties (Carmagnola, Fibranova and Futura) on microbial growth. The effect of different sowing times on oil composition and biological activity was also evaluated. Essential oils were distilled and then characterized through the gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Thereafter, the oils were compared to standard reagents on a broad range inhibition of microbial growth via minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay. Microbial strains were divided into three groups: i) Gram (+) bacteria, which regard to food-borne pathogens or gastrointestinal bacteria, ii) Gram (−) bacteria and iii) yeasts, both being involved in plant interactions. The results showed that essential oils of industrial hemp can significantly inhibit the microbial growth, to an extent depending on variety and sowing time. It can be concluded that essential oils of industrial hemp, especially those of Futura, may have interesting applications to control spoilage and food-borne pathogens and phytopathogens microorganisms.

c-ray

10-26-2010, 07:50 PM

:yum:

from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B72MB-4Y9TFM6-28&_user=10&_coverDate=02%2F03%2F2010&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=30f2a0dd6bd7ebef7d659fa7ea64893a&searchtype=a

Chemistry of Cannabis

Arno Hazekampa, Justin T. Fischedicka, Mónica Llano Díeza, Andrea Lubbea and Renee L. Ruhaaka [Author vitae]

a Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands

Available online 4 February 2010.

Abstract

The Cannabis plant (Cannabis sativa L.) has a long history as a recreational drug, but also as part of traditional medicine in many cultures. Based on the number of publications, it is one of the best-studied plants in the world. The relatively recent discovery of cannabinoid receptors and the human endocannabinoid system has opened up a new and exciting field of research. But despite the pharmaceutical potential of Cannabis, its classification as a narcotic drug has prevented its successful development into modern medicine.

Fortunately, the chemistry of Cannabis has been studied in much detail. In particular the psychoactive cannabinoid tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) has received great scientific attention, and much is known about its biological effects and mechanisms of action. Besides an extensive description of the chemistry of the cannabinoids, this chapter also introduces the lesser-known terpenoids, flavonoids, and other constituents of the Cannabis plant. Comprehensive information on a variety of subjects is presented, including chromatographic analytical methods, pharmacokinetics, and structure-activity relationships. The known biological effects of Cannabis constituents are discussed in relationship to the development of modern cannabinoid-based medications. Finally, some practical aspects of working with Cannabis are discussed.

c-ray

10-26-2010, 07:55 PM

from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B8GXN-4NV9Y9Y-B&_user=10&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F2006&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=abcbcb153232709669b9cd6d748ffcf6&searchtype=a

Biosynthesis of terpenophenolic metabolites in hop and cannabis

c-ray

10-26-2010, 08:00 PM

from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TH7-4XBDJSC-1&_user=10&_coverDate=11%2F30%2F2009&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=102f00ecb92ed3003091b2bded83118f&searchtype=a

Monoterpene and sesquiterpene synthases and the origin of terpene skeletal diversity in plants

Jörg Degenhardta, , , Tobias G. Köllnera and Jonathan Gershenzonb [Author vitae]

aMartin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute for Pharmacy, Hoher Weg 8, D-06120 Halle/Saale, Germany

bMax Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll Strasse 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
Received 10 March 2009; revised 23 July 2009; accepted 24 July 2009. Available online 28 September 2009.

Abstract

The multitude of terpene carbon skeletons in plants is formed by enzymes known as terpene synthases. This review covers the monoterpene and sesquiterpene synthases presenting an up-to-date list of enzymes reported and evidence for their ability to form multiple products. The reaction mechanisms of these enzyme classes are described, and information on how terpene synthase proteins mediate catalysis is summarized. Correlations between specific amino acid motifs and terpene synthase function are described, including an analysis of the relationships between active site sequence and cyclization type and a discussion of whether specific protein features might facilitate multiple product formation.

c-ray

10-26-2010, 08:03 PM

from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T8D-4Y9XKXN-1&_user=10&_coverDate=03%2F24%2F2010&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=b9107f16a10864596e0acaba1a312688&searchtype=a

Ethnopharmacological application of medicinal plants to cure skin diseases and in folk cosmetics among the tribal communities of North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan

Arshad Mehmood Abbasia, , , , , M.A. Khana, Mushtaq Ahmada, Muhammad Zafara, Sarwat Jahanb and Shahzia Sultanaa

a Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan

b Department of Animal Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
Received 10 November 2009; revised 23 January 2010; accepted 27 January 2010. Available online 4 February 2010.

Abstract

Aim of the study

The present investigation is an attempt to find out ethnopharmacological application of medicinal plants to cure skin diseases and in folk cosmetics.

Method

We interviewed respondents in 30 remote sites of North-West Frontier Province by a structured interview form in the local language and respondents were queried for the type of herbal cure known to him.

Results

A total of 66 plant species belonging to 45 families have been recorded. Seventy-five medications for 15 skin diseases and cosmetics were documented. The mode of application was topical as well as oral administration. Water, milk, ghee, oil, eggs, sulphur and butter are used during administration of herbal remedies. About 15 plant species are known for their use to cure multiple skin diseases. Among these Berberis lyceum, Bergenia ciliata, Melia azedarach, Otostegia limbata, Phyla nodiflora, Prunus persica and Zingiber officinale constitutes major plants. The herbal cosmetics products range from face freshness, removal of ugly spots, hair care, and colouring of palm, feet, gums, and teeth.

c-ray

10-26-2010, 08:31 PM

Functional expression and characterization of trichome-specific (-)-limonene synthase and (+)-α-pinene synthase from Cannabis sativa.

Nils Günnewich, Jonathan E. Page, Tobias G. Köllner, Jörg Degenhardt, and Toni M. Kutchan

Web Published Date: 07 Mar 2007

Natural Product Communications
2007
Volume 2, Number 3, Pages 223-232

Abstract

Two recombinant, stereospecific monoterpene synthases, a (-)-limonene synthase (CsTPS1) and a (+)-ɑ-pinene synthase (CsTPS2), encoded by Cannabis sativa L. cv. ‘Skunk’ trichome mRNA, have been isolated and characterized. Recombinant CsTPS1 showed a Km value of 6.8 μM, a Vmax of 1.1 x 10-4 µmol/min and Vmax/Km of 0.016; the pH optimum was determined at pH 6.5, and a temperature optimum at 40°C. Recombinant CsTPS2 showed a Km value of 10.5 µM, a Vmax of 2.2 x 10-4 µmol/min and Vmax/Km of 0.021; the pH optimum was determined at pH 7.0, and a temperature optimum at 30°C. Phylogenetic analysis showed that both CsTPSs group within the angiosperms and belong to the Tpsb subgroup of monoterpene synthases. The enzymatic products (-)-limonene and (+)-±-pinene were detected as natural products in C. sativa trichomes.

c-ray

10-26-2010, 08:56 PM

from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B77C9-4PC40CY-9&_user=10&_coverDate=07%2F25%2F2007&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=23aaacf2cf04a4077764eef236fdf418&searchtype=a

GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY | Terpenoids

K. Mansoora and G.B. Lockwooda

aUniversity of Manchester, Manchester, UK

Available online 6 August 2007.

Abstract

A range of structural types of terpenes with differing physical and chemical properties are widely present in plants and other natural products. Techniques for extraction are dependent upon their molecular weight and volatility, with solvent extraction and distillation being mainly used. Structural identification has historically been carried out using co-chromotography with standards, or Kovats retention indices; but the characterization. Hyphenated and multi-dimensional techniques are increasingly being used for complete separation and identification of complex mixtures such as those found in essential oils. A number of examples in different classes of terpenoids have been described.

c-ray

10-26-2010, 09:06 PM

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2577278/ (full text)

Terpene Biosynthesis in Glandular Trichomes of Hop

Guodong Wang,3 Li Tian,3,4 Naveed Aziz, Pierre Broun,5 Xinbin Dai, Ji He, Andrew King, Patrick X. Zhao, and Richard A. Dixon*
Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73410 (G.W., L.T., X.D., J.H., P.X.Z., R.A.D.); and Center for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5YW, United Kingdom (N.A., P.B., A.K.)

Physiol. 2008 November; 148(3): 1254–1266.

Abstract
Hop (Humulus lupulus L. Cannabaceae) is an economically important crop for the brewing industry, where it is used to impart flavor and aroma to beer, and has also drawn attention in recent years due to its potential pharmaceutical applications. Essential oils (mono- and sesquiterpenes), bitter acids (prenylated polyketides), and prenylflavonoids are the primary phytochemical components that account for these traits, and all accumulate at high concentrations in glandular trichomes of hop cones. To understand the molecular basis for terpene accumulation in hop trichomes, a trichome cDNA library was constructed and 9,816 cleansed expressed sequence tag (EST) sequences were obtained from random sequencing of 16,152 cDNA clones. The ESTs were assembled into 3,619 unigenes (1,101 contigs and 2,518 singletons). Putative functions were assigned to the unigenes based on their homology to annotated sequences in the GenBank database. Two mono- and two sesquiterpene synthases identified from the EST collection were expressed in Escherichia coli. Hop MONOTERPENE SYNTHASE2 formed the linear monterpene myrcene from geranyl pyrophosphate, whereas hop SESQUITERPENE SYNTHASE1 (HlSTS1) formed both caryophyllene and humulene from farnesyl pyrophosphate. Together, these enzymes account for the production of the major terpene constituents of the hop trichomes. HlSTS2 formed the minor sesquiterpene constituent germacrene A, which was converted to β-elemene on chromatography at elevated temperature. We discuss potential functions for other genes expressed at high levels in developing hop trichomes.

c-ray

10-26-2010, 09:19 PM

from http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/cpb/58/2/58_201/_article

Cannabinoid Receptor 1 Binding Activity and Quantitative Analysis of Cannabis sativa L. Smoke and Vapor

Justin Fischedick1), Frank Van Der Kooy1) and Robert Verpoorte1)

1) Division of Pharmacognosy, Section of Metabolomics, Institute of Biology, Leiden University

(Received September 9, 2009)
(Accepted November 10, 2009)

Cannabis sativa L. (cannabis) extracts, vapor produced by the Volcano® vaporizer and smoke made from burning cannabis joints were analyzed by GC-flame ionization detecter (FID), GC-MS and HPLC. Three different medicinal cannabis varieties were investigated Bedrocan®, Bedrobinol® and Bediol®. Cannabinoids plus other components such as terpenoids and pyrolytic by-products were identified and quantified in all samples. Cannabis vapor and smoke was tested for cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) binding activity and compared to pure Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC). The top five major compounds in Bedrocan® extracts were Δ9-THC, cannabigerol (CBG), terpinolene, myrcene, and cis-ocimene in Bedrobinol® Δ9-THC, myrcene, CBG, cannabichromene (CBC), and camphene in Bediol® cannabidiol (CBD), Δ9-THC, myrcene, CBC, and CBG. The major components in Bedrocan® vapor (>1.0 mg/g) were Δ9-THC, terpinolene, myrcene, CBG, cis-ocimene and CBD in Bedrobinol® Δ9-THC, myrcene and CBD in Bediol® CBD, Δ9-THC, myrcene, CBC and terpinolene. The major components in Bedrocan® smoke (>1.0 mg/g) were Δ9-THC, cannabinol (CBN), terpinolene, CBG, myrcene and cis-ocimene in Bedrobinol® Δ9-THC, CBN and myrcene in Bediol® CBD, Δ9-THC, CBN, myrcene, CBC and terpinolene. There was no statistically significant difference between CB1 binding of pure Δ9-THC compared to cannabis smoke and vapor at an equivalent concentration of Δ9-THC.

c-ray

10-26-2010, 09:19 PM

from http://astonjournals.com/manuscripts/Vol2010/CSJ-7_Vol2010.pdf (full text)

Characteristics Of The GC-MS Mass Spectra Of Terpenoids (C10H16)

Alexander I Yermakov1, *Abdelaziz L Khlaifat2, Hani Qutob2, Rimma A Abramovich1, Yuri Y Khomyakov1
1Russian People Friendship University, Moscow, Russia
2Weatherford Oil Tool M.E. Ltd., Dubai, UAE
*Correspondence to: Abdelaziz L Khlaifat, abdelaziz.khlaifat@me.weatherford.com, aziz_khlaifat@yahoo.com
Published online: July 31, 2010

Abstract

The terpenoids, sometimes referred to as isoprenoids, are a large and diverse class of naturally occurring organic chemicals similar to terpenes, derived from five-carbon isoprene units assembled and modified in thousands of ways. Most are multicyclic structures that differ from one another not only in functional groups, but also in their basic carbon skeletons. These lipids can be found in all classes of living things, and are the largest group of natural products. The features of mass spectra of mono-, bi- and tri-cyclic terpenoids: 1-isopropyl-4-methyl-1, 3-cyclohexadiene (I) terpilene; 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethylidene)-1-cyclohexene (II) terpinolene; 4-methyl-3-(1-methylethylidene)-1-cyclohexene (III); 1,5,5-trimethyl-3-methylene-1-cyclohexene (IV); 2,6,6-trimethylbicyclo [3.1.1]-2-heptene (V)  -pinene; 2,2,6-trimethylbicyclo [3.1.1]-2-heptene (VI)  -pinene; 2,2-dimethyl-3-methylenebicyclo [2.2.1]-heptane (VII) camphene; 1-isopropyl-4-methylbicyclo [3.1.0]-2-hexene (VIII)  -thugene; 5-isopropyl-2-methylbicyclo [3.1.0]-2-hexene (IX)  -thugene; 1-methyl-6-(1-methylidene) bicycle [3.1.0] hexane (X); 3,7,7-trimethylbicyclo [4.1.0]-3-heptene (XI)  -3-carene; 4,7,7-trimethylbicyclo [4.1.0]-2-heptene (XII) (+)-4-carene; 3,7,7-trimethylbicyclo [4.1.0]-2-heptene (XIII) (+)-2-carene; 1,7,7-trimethyltricyclo [2.2.1.0(2.6)]-heptane (XVI) tricyclene; 1,3,3-trimethyltricyclo [2.2.1.0(2.6)]-heptane (XVII) cyclofenchene extracted from natural raw materials and comprising a number of drugs were investigated. The mass spectra for: cyclohexene-3-(tretbutyl) peroxide (XIV) and 3-isopropyl-1-cyclohexene (XV) were investigated as well. It was established that the mass spectra of these compounds are absolutely identical in mass values of peaks of fragment ions, where their relative intensities have minor differences. In the spectra of all compounds the observed characteristic ions were [M-CH (CH3)2] and [M-CH (CH3)2 –H2]. The latter has a structure with m/z 91 that is attributed to pathing. All fragment ions correspond to even-electron cations. The identity of mass spectra of the studied tepenoids is explained by isomerization of molecular ions, similar to isomerization of terpenes in chemical transformations under the action of acids, also under the influence of other catalysts, temperature and light.

c-ray

10-26-2010, 09:26 PM

http://www.planttrichome.org/trichomedb

TrichOME: A Comparative Omics Database for Plant Trichome

TrichOME is an integrated genomic database of genes and metabolic pathway in plant trichomes. Comprehensive data hosted in the TrichOME were mainly generated through a NSF-funded project (Award #0605033) and also collected from various public resources, e.g. from NCBI's sequence repositories and ArrayExpress database. TrichOME hosts integrated information including:

EST sequences: TrichOME hosts 950,025 ESTs sequenced from 14 species. These ESTs were sequenced from trichome and non-trichome control tissues; the later were included for Unigene assembling and comparative genomics analysis. These ESTs were assembled into 58,963 trichome-related Unigenes by species and further annotated on the basis of UniProtKB / TrEMBL, Gene Ontology database, KEGG pathway database, TCDB transporter database and transcription factor database. We also implemented an in-silicon gene expression analysis tool for searching trichome-specific genes.

Microarray hybridizations: TrichOME hosts hybridizations from Arabidospsis thaliana, Medicago truncatula, and Medicago sativa (Alfalfa). These hybridizations were performed on glandular trichome, non-glandular trichome and control tissues using Affymetrix genechip. Both raw hybridization signals and pre-normalized expression signals are available for batch download and individual search. A set of tools were also developed to facilitate the analysis and mining of trichome-related genes.

Mass spectrometry-based metabolite profiles: The TrichOME hosts gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) data sampled from two cultivars of Medicago sativa. More data will be added into the database as the experiments progress.

Literature mining and curation: We've curated over 1,000 literatures to mined trichome-related genes and proteins.

plantbuilder

10-29-2010, 07:08 PM

fuck you

Alchemist

11-08-2010, 09:57 PM

Thanks C-ray and Pb!!!

Ive got plenty of reading to do and some ideas of where to start!

PEAS

guest

11-08-2010, 11:38 PM

Hi GS,

where did you send it? what sorts of analysis will be done? how much $?

sorry for all the questions, just curious.

Yeah, where in Canada are you getting legit testing done? Curious minds wanna know....

Green Supreme

11-10-2010, 04:16 AM

I am working it will get back to you folks when I know more. Here's a link I think has not yet been put up. Peace GS

http://www.newhope.com/nutritionsciencenews/NSN_backs/Apr_99/monoterpenes.cfm

plantbuilder

11-10-2010, 07:29 PM

fuck

c-ray

11-17-2010, 09:39 PM

Handbook of Fruit and Vegetable Flavors

http://www.google.ca/search?tbs=bks:1&tbo=1&q=Handbook+of+Fruit+and+Vegetable+Flavors&btnG=Search+Books

http://media.wiley.com/product_data/coverImage300/14/04702272/0470227214.jpg

Green Supreme

11-19-2010, 12:46 AM

More stuff. Peace GS

http://www.springerlink.com/content/gefrp0xg76d72926/
http://www.omma1998.org/McPartland-R...-4%29-2001.pdf

Green Supreme

11-19-2010, 12:50 AM

Mahlberg. Peace GS

http://www.hempreport.com/issues/17/malbody17.html

Green Supreme

11-19-2010, 12:50 AM

TLC testing. Peace GS

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EUn2skAAjHk

Green Supreme

11-19-2010, 12:57 AM

More testing. Peace GS

http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/bulletin/bulletin_1994-01-01_2_page009.html

Alchemist

11-24-2010, 06:46 PM

ok, here we go.

I have essential oils of orange, lemongrass, cinnamon, ginger to start.

found a good small scale extraction method for analysis.

My colleague is working on a starting method now... we are injecting orange oil first and will try to find the limonene and a few others....

I have a plant at home that reeks like lemon/ lemongrass so we will try and run that and see where this goes.

PEAS

c-ray

11-24-2010, 07:37 PM

awesome! keep up 'the good work'

Alchemist

11-24-2010, 10:05 PM

Thanks Bro!

first injection went pretty well

My pal just ran it iso-thermal at 50c and we found limonene for sure and a few others. The limonene was easy to identify without a standard because empirical data tells us that orange oil is around 90% d-limonene and our largest peak's spectra came up as d-limonene in the library. I don't know if we separated all the components yet, we will probably have to increase the temps... much more method development is needed but this is fun for us!!

By using the oils with known composition and a few standards that we can get our hands on we should be able to do quite a few...

Actually quantifying them will require standards for sure, but we should be able to do a relative analysis. Just comparing different compound profiles to other ones and illustrating the differences.

We are trying to do a "headspace" analysis as well where the gc syringe just samples the air in a vial with a couple micro liters of oil after they have sat for awhile.

PEACE

Alchemist

11-25-2010, 05:57 PM

by tomorrow I should be running a real sample!

we have run orange and now grapefruit is going through

here are the essential oil components that we have found are common to orange/grapefruit and cannabis

a-pinene
myrcene
limonene
linalool
teripinen-4-ol

so we should be able to have these compounds identified from essential oil samples. When Im on vacation in a few weeks i will look through all the papers i have to see if any compounds can be added to C-ray's list at the top of the thread, Thanks for compiling this info man!

We will borrow one of the temp ramping methods from one of the papers as I think linalool and teripinen-4-ol will require some higher temps... so far we are looking at about 25 mins run time.

so in the morning i will bring in some material to run and cross reference to orange and gf results. plus we will be running lemongrass, peppermint, spearmint, cinnamon, ginger and whatever else we have here to see if we can "pick up" any more common compounds.

PEAS

Monseigneur Stroganoff

11-25-2010, 06:52 PM

thank you

good work your doing
keep us informed!

c-ray

11-25-2010, 07:09 PM

here's an interesting book, check out the cover!

Chemistry of Terpenoids and Carotenoids
G. Singh, 2008

http://books.google.ca/books?id=Gr7jDZ8WhVUC&pg=PA1&dq=terpenoids&hl=en&ei=dZbuTJfHNIG4sAPdno2nCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CE4Q6AEwCA#v=onepage&q&f=false

c-ray

11-25-2010, 07:15 PM

another one:

Perfumery Practice and Principles
Robert R. Calkin, Joseph Stephan Jellinek, 1994

http://books.google.ca/books?id=XD9w2xR2HjsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Perfumery:+Practice+and+Principles&source=bl&ots=UCQpDCp-RV&sig=ewKS5rvojcP6sLONkqJMVCssyQw&hl=en&ei=3ZjuTK6eKZO8sAOSrZDJCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://image.dealoz.com/image/us/453/2127453.jpg

c-ray

11-25-2010, 07:30 PM

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18670820
Production and diversity of volatile terpenes from plants on calcareous and siliceous soils: effect of soil nutrients.
Ormeño E, Baldy V, Ballini C, Fernandez C.

Equipe Diversité Fonctionnelle des Communautés Végétales, Institut Méditerranéen d'Ecologie et Paléoécologie, Aix-Marseille Université, Campus de St Jérôme Case 421. Avenue Escadrille, Normandie Niémen, Marseille, France. elenaormeno@nature.Berkeley.EDU

Abstract
Fertilizer effects on terpene production have been noted in numerous reports. In contrast, only a few studies have studied the response of leaf terpene content to naturally different soil fertility levels. Terpene content, as determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry/flame ionization detector, and growth of Pinus halepensis, Rosmarinus officinalis, and Cistus albidus were studied on calcareous and siliceous soils under field conditions. The effect of nitrogen (N) and extractable phosphorus (P(E)) from these soils on terpenes was also investigated since calcareous soils mainly differ from siliceous soils in their higher nutrient loadings. Rich terpene mixtures were detected. Twenty-one terpenes appeared in leaf extracts of R. officinalis and C. albidus and 20 in P. halepensis. Growth of all species was enhanced on calcareous soils, while terpene content showed a species-specific response to soil type. The total monoterpene content of P. halepensis and that of some major compounds (e.g., delta-terpinene) were higher on calcareous than on siliceous soils. A significant and positive relationship was found between concentration of N and P(E) and leaf terpene content of this species. These findings suggest that P. halepensis may respond to an environment characterized by increasing soil deposition, by allocating carbon resources to the synthesis of terpene defense metabolites without growth reduction. Results obtained for R. officinalis showed high concentrations of numerous major monoterpenes (e.g., myrcene, camphor) in plants growing on calcareous soils, while alpha-pinene, beta-caryophyllene, and the total sesquiterpene content were higher on siliceous soils. Finally, only alloaromadendrene and delta-cadinene of C. albidus showed higher concentrations on siliceous soils. Unlike P. halepensis, soil nutrients were not involved in terpene variation in calcareous and siliceous soils of these two shrub species. Possible ecological explanations on the effect of soil type for these latter two species as well as the ecological explanation of rich terpene mixtures are discussed.

c-ray

11-25-2010, 07:34 PM

another book

A Fragrant Introduction to Terpenoid Chemistry
Charles S Sell, 2003

http://books.google.ca/books?id=rIoXXL7OGCoC&printsec=frontcover&dq=terpenoids&hl=en&ei=f53uTMK7Doa4sQOZ-_DZCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CD8Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=terpenoids&f=false

http://www.rsc.org/images/booksimages/BK9780854046812_m.jpg

c-ray

11-25-2010, 08:04 PM

http://www.pherobase.net/ has lots of Kovaks retention times for various columns, occurrence in plants etc.

c-ray

11-25-2010, 09:06 PM

a crazy theory from Ed Rosenthal:

http://www.treatingyourself.com/vbulletin/showthread.php?p=200038

vapor

11-25-2010, 11:03 PM

this is not crazy talk grapefruits and opiates become more bio available.,.,.,Bammm.,.,.

c-ray

11-25-2010, 11:13 PM

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00745.x/full

Phytocannabinoids beyond the Cannabis plant – do they exist?

Conclusions

There is no doubt that phytocannabinoids from Cannabis have greatly influenced research on the ECS and without the milestone discovery that Δ9-THC is the main psychoactive principle (reviewed in Mechoulam, 1986) many of the subsequent discoveries in the field of cannabinoid research would probably not have been made. Furthermore, with the development of therapeutic Cannabis extracts, as with Sativex™, this plant is also likely to provide new pharmaceutical applications in the future. The question remains as to why Cannabis sativa L. appears to be the only plant that produces a metabolite (Δ9-THC acid) that readily leads to its decarboxylation product Δ9-THC, which is the most potent phytocannabinoid activator of the CB1 receptor. Interestingly enough, while nature may have been rather parsimonious in its provision of botanical secondary metabolites that activate the CB1 receptor, there is an increasing number of plant-derived natural products reported to target the CB2 receptor to varying degrees. Flavonoids, which belong to natural polyphenols that readily interact with proteins, may target some of the proteins within the ECS, such as FAAH. However, no convincing evidence has been provided that polyphenols modulate cannabinoid receptors with significant potency. The finding that certain triterpenes potently inhibit MAGL further adds to the repertoire of plant-produced ‘indirect’ cannabinoid receptor agonists. Although higher plants do not contain endocannabinoids and lack the classical G-protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors, they do express enzyme isoforms that resemble some of the enzymes known to be important in the processing of endocannabinoids (Shrestha et al., 2006). Plants produce fatty acid amides, some of which are able to inhibit the degradation of anandamide but do not generally bind with significant affinity to CB receptors (Gertsch et al., 2006; Di Marzo et al., 2007). At present, the only phytocannabinoid that has been discovered to also exist in plants other than Cannabis is β-caryophyllene, which is among the most abundant plant essential oil components. Although Δ9-THC is a partial agonist at both CB1 and CB2 receptors, it has significant lower efficacy at the CB2 receptor. Another phytocannabinoid, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin, has also recently been shown to be a CB2 receptor partial agonist, but is also a CB1 receptor antagonist (Bolognini et al., 2010). Therefore, β-caryophyllene, which is also one of the most abundant secondary metabolites in Cannabis essential oil, could be considered as a true CB2 receptor-selective Cannabis constituent. During mammalian evolution contacts with ‘direct’ CB2 receptor active plant metabolites like β-caryophyllene or ‘indirect’ cannabinoid receptor agonists (FAAH and MAGL inhibitors) in diet may have led to hitherto unrecognized physiological effects. Although it is tempting to believe that these compounds exert beneficial effects in humans, clinical evidence is lacking. Future studies will have to determine whether there are additional apparently nontoxic CB2 receptor-selective ligands in plants other than Cannabis and whether they could in fact be exploited therapeutically.