Iboga

[The Cannarchist]

Bwiti is a West Central African religion practiced by the forest-dwelling Babongo and Mitsogo people of Gabon (where it is one of the three official religions) and the Fang people of Gabon and Cameroon. Modern Bwiti is syncretistic, incorporating animism, ancestor worship and Christianity into its belief system. Bwiti use the hallucinogenic rootbark of the Tabernanthe iboga plant, specially cultivated for the religion, to induce a spiritual enlightenment, stabilize community and family structure, meet religious requirements and to solve problems of a spiritual and/or medical nature. The active ingredient of the root, ibogaine, has been studied scientifically. The root bark has been used for hundreds of years as part of a Bwiti coming of age ceremony and other initiation rites and acts of healing, producing complex visions and insights anticipated to be valuable to the initiate and the chapel. The root bark or its extract are taken in doses high enough to cause vomiting and ataxia as common side effects.

Bwiti ceremonies are led by a (male or female) spiritual leader called N'ganga who is a very important member of the community and has extensive knowledge of traditional healing practices, hexes and spells. The crucial rite of Bwiti is the initiation ceremony, when young Gabonese men take iboga for the first time in the men's hut to become members of the religion. There are many ceremonies at different times of the year to give homage to the ancestors. Special ceremonies may be held to heal sick persons or drive out harmful spirits. While early forms of Bwiti excluded women, modern chapels include men and women.

During many ceremonies, a traditional torch made of bark and tree sap is burned. Musicians playing drums and a traditional Ngombi harp are central to the rites. The N'ganga and other participants usually dress in red, black and white cloth. They may wear skirts of raffia material and small shells or beads. Animal skins, such as civet cat fur, are often worn. The iboga root may be made into a tea or more often taken in the form of scrapings. Ceremonies usually begin at night and may last for days as the doses of the drug used in these ceremonies is particularly long lasting. One of the best English language sources of information on the religion is James W. Fernandez's book, Bwiti: An Ethnography of the Religious Imagination in Africa[1]. An excellent review article is that of Goutarel, Gollnhofer and Sillans, Pharmacodynamics and Therapeutic Applications of Iboga and Ibogaine [2].


I visited an Iboga treatment facility.They are getting folk off hard core addictions with this plant.Opened my eyes........

[Green Supreme]

It'll make ya quit the herbs FOREVER. Not for me thanks. Love the herbs too much. Peace GS

[unknown]

I visited an Iboga treatment facility.They are getting folk off hard core addictions with this plant.Opened my eyes........

and hence the reason its now illegal in some countries. can get people off morphine and other legal addictions. thats the last thing the tga wants since they all have stakes in pharmaceutical industry. people are dieing from the shit yet ibogane is the evil.

fuck the corrupt agender of the tga.

does anyone know where one can get seeds?

TCC where abouts was the facility based? i would love to visit some time.

[c-ray]

when I was looking into it a few years ago I found that one needs to order fresh seeds, a few months old or less, and they can only be acquired during certain times of the year

[The Cannarchist]

From my investigations,the Fang people of Gabon harvest the roots of the Iboga tree.The Tree has to be 7 yrs old for this to take place .They dig a hole on the outside of the root circle and harvest the root bark in small amounts to keep the tree alive.

[nuggdigger]

Iboga (Tabernanthe iboga), also known as Black bugbane, is a perennial rainforest shrub and hallucinogen, native to western Africa. Iboga stimulates the central nervous system when taken in small doses and induces visions in larger doses.

Normally growing to a height of 2 m, T. iboga may eventually grow into a small tree up to 10 m tall, given the right conditions. It has small green leaves. Its flowers are white and pink, while the elongated, oval-shaped fruit are orange. Its yellow-coloured roots contains a number of indole alkaloids, most notably ibogaine, which is found in the highest concentration in the root-bark. The root material, bitter in taste, causes an anaesthetic sensation in the mouth as well as systemic numbness to the skin.

Contents
1 Traditional use
2 Addiction treatment
3 Legal status
4 Quotations
5 External links and references
6 See also



Traditional use
The Iboga tree is the central pillar of the Bwiti religion practiced in West-Central Africa, mainly Gabon, Cameroon and the Republic of the Congo, which utilises the alkaloid-containing roots of the plant in a number of ceremonies. Iboga is taken in massive doses by initiates when entering the religion, and on a more regular basis is eaten in smaller doses in connection with rituals and tribal dances, which is usually performed at night time. Bwitists have been subject to persecution by Catholic missionaries, who to this day are thoroughly opposed to the growing religious movement of Bwiti. Léon M'ba, before becoming the first President of Gabon in 1960, defended the Bwiti religion and the use of iboga in French colonial courts. On June 6, 2000, the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Gabon declared Tabernanthe iboga to be a national treasure.


Addiction treatment
Outside Africa, iboga extracts as well as the purified alkaloid ibogaine are used in treating opiate addiction. The therapy may last several days and upon completion the subject is generally no longer physically dependent. One methadone patient said in the Dutch behind-the-news show 2 vandaag that in just four days he reached a state that normally would have taken him three months, but without the agony. Evidence suggests that ibogaine may also help to interrupt addiction to alcohol and nicotine. The pharmacological effects are rather undisputed with hundreds of peer reviewed papers in support but formal clinical studies have not been completed.


Legal status
Iboga is outlawed or restricted in the U.S., Belgium, Sweden, Switzerland and Denmark. Root material and extracts thereof is obtainable through various European smart shops.


Quotations
"The Catholic church is a beautiful theory for Sunday, the iboga on the contrary is the practice of everyday living. In church, they speak of God, with iboga, you live God" (Nengue Me Ndjoung Isidore, ecumenical Bwitist religious leader)

External links and references
Erowid Tabernanthe iboga Vault
Plants of The Gods by Richard Evans Schultes and Albert Hofmann (Healing Arts Press, 1992)
Adam, Eve and Iboga, Giorgio Samorini. (Originally published in Integration 4: 4-10)
The Bwiti Religion and the psychoactive plant Tabernanthe iboga (Equatorial Africa), Giorgio Samorini. (Originally published in Integration 5: 105-114)
Pharmacodynamics and Therapeutic Applications of Iboga and Ibogaine, Robert Goutarel, Otto Gollnholfer and Roger Sillans (Originally published in Psychedelic Monographs and Essays, 6:70-111 (1993).
The Religion of Iboga or Bwiti of the Fang, P. Barabe. (originally published as "La religion d'Eboga ou le Bwiti des Fanges", Med. trop. 12(3):251-257, (May/June) 1982)
Google Video: BBC correspondent Bruce Parry and his experiences with Iboga and the Bwiti people

See also
Ibogaine
Bwiti
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iboga"
Categories: Entheogens | Apocynaceae | Herbal and fungal hallucinogens | Shrubs | Iboga

[The Cannarchist]

Naturally a one or two hit cure for addiction causes big pharma a trip in it's own right......Yet another plant that does something made illegal.....When will it end?

[Green Supreme]

A fellow called Dana Neal had collected quite a bit of info and was distributing it in Vancouver about 5 years ago. He had something to do with setting up the Million Marijuana March or something like that. Peace GS

[nuggdigger]

Ibogaine is an indole alkaloid, a long-acting hallucinogen which has gained attention due to its application in the treatment of opioid addiction and similar addiction syndromes. It occurs naturally in a number of dogbane plants, among them above all in Tabernanthe iboga.

Contents
1 Formulations
2 History
3 Effects
4 Pharmacology
4.1 Mechanism and Pharmacodynamics
4.2 Metabolites
4.3 Analogs
5 Usage
5.1 Addiction Interruption
5.2 Chronic pain management
5.3 Degenerative neural diseases
6 Side effects
7 Research
8 Legal status
9 Media references
9.1 Documentary and autobiographical
9.2 Incidental fictionalized/fanciful references in popular media
10 See also
11 External links
12 References



Formulations
Isolated and standardized ibogaine is sold by Sigma-Aldrich in form of its crystalline hydrochloride salt. Natural alkaline ibogaine and related indole compounds tend to (auto)oxidize quickly in air atmosphere[1] as opposed to their salt form which is stable. So, working under inert atmosphere or under acidic conditions is crucial to prevent decomposition during extraction.

The total alkaloid extract from Tabernanthe iboga rootbark is said to have about 1/5th the potency of pure ibogaine hydrochloride and the fresh, properly prepared extract contains all the alkaloids used in African traditional religion and medicine.[2] In Africa, Tabernanthe iboga is consumed as a stimulant by chewing the rootbark. In Bwiti religious ceremonies, the rootbark is pulverized and swallowed with water to produce intense psychoactive effects.

The name "Indra extract" has become synonymous with the total alkaloid extract of iboga rootbark. However, that name actually refers to a particular stock of about 44kg of an iboga extract manufactured by an unnamed European industrial manufacturer in 1981. This stock was later purchased by Carl Waltenburg, who distributed it under the name "Indra extract". Waltenburg used the extract to treat heroin addicts in Christiana, Denmark, a squatter village where heroin addiction was widespread in 1982.[3] Indra extract was offered for sale over the internet until 2006, when the Indra web presence disappeared. Iboga extracts are still often called "Indra extract", but it is unclear whether any of them are actually from Waltenburg's original Indra stock, or whether any of that stock is still in existence or viable after over 2 decades. Whether the extraction was once performed properly is unknown, so the real composition of the product remains uncertain.


History
Ibogaine was first isolated from Tabernanthe iboga in 1901 by Dybowski and Landrin[4] and independently by Haller and Heckel in the same year. Samples of the plant were obtained from Gabon, Africa in the mid 1800s where it has been used in initiation rites of the Bwiti religion. The challenging total synthesis was accomplished by G. Büchi in 1966.[5] Since then, several further totally synthetic routes have been developed.[6] The use of ibogaine in treating substance use disorders in human subjects was first proposed by Howard Lotsof in U.S. Patent 4,499,096 which was awarded in 1985. Ibogaine's ability to attenuate opioid withdrawal confirmed in the rat was first published by Dzoljic et al. (1988).[7] Ibogaine's use in diminishing morphine self-administration in preclinical studies was shown by Glick et al. (1991)[8] and ibogaine's capacity to reduce cocaine self-administration in the rat was shown by Cappendijk et al. (1993).[9] Animal model support for ibogaine claims to treat alcohol dependence were established by Rezvani (1995).[10]

Data demonstrating ibogaine's efficacy in attenuating opioid withdrawal in drug dependent human subjects was published by Alper et al. (1999)[11] and Mash et al. (2000).[12] However, there have been as yet no peer-reviewed studies demonstrating any statistically significant long term improvement following ibogaine administration to humans with drug problems.


Effects
At low doses, ibogaine has a mild stimulant effect. At higher doses, temporary effects include hallucination and ataxia. The most studied long-term therapeutic effect is that ibogaine seems to catalyze partial or complete interruption of addiction to opioids. An integral effect is the alleviation of symptoms of opioid withdrawal. Research also suggests that ibogaine may be useful in treating dependence to other substances such as alcohol, methamphetamine, and nicotine, and may affect compulsive behavioral patterns not involving substance abuse or chemical dependence. Ibogaine has been used as an adjunct to psychotherapy by Claudio Naranjo, documented in his book The Healing Journey.[13]


Pharmacology
The pharmacology of ibogaine is quite complex, affecting many different neurotransmitter systems simultaneously.[14][15] Because of its fairly low potency at any of its target sites, ibogaine is used in doses anywhere from 5 milligrams per kilogram of body weight for minor effect to 30 mg/kg in the cases of strong polysubstance addiction. It is unknown whether doses greater than 30mg/kg in humans produce effects that are therapeutically beneficial, medically risky, or simply prolonged in duration.


Mechanism and Pharmacodynamics
Among recent proposals for ibogaine mechanisms of action is activation of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) pathway in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the brain. The work has principally been accomplished in preclinical ethanol research where 40 mg/kg of ibogaine caused increases of RNA expression of GDNF in keeping with reduction of ethanol intake in the rat, absent neurotoxicity or cell death.[16]

Ibogaine is a noncompetitive antagonist at α3β4 nicotinic receptors, binding with moderate affinity.[17] Several other α3β4 antagonists are known, and some of these such as bupropion (Zyban), and mecamylamine have been used for treating nicotine addiction. This α3β4-antagonism correlates quite well with the observed effect of interrupting addiction. Co-administration of ibogaine with other α3β4-antagonists such as 18-MC, dextromethorphan or mecamylamine had a stronger anti-addictive effect than when it was administered alone.[18] Since α3β4 channels and NMDA channels are related to each other and their binding sites within the lumen bind a range of same ligands (e.g. DXM, PCP),[19] some "older" sources suggested that ibogaine's anti-addictive properties may be (partly) due to it being an NMDA receptor antagonist.[20] However, ligands, like 18-MC, selective for α3β4- vs. NMDA-channels showed no drop-off in activity.

It is suspected that ibogaine's actions on the opioid and glutamatergic systems are also involved in its anti-addictive effects. Persons treated with ibogaine report a cessation of opioid withdrawal signs generally within an hour of administration.

Ibogaine is a weak 5HT2A receptor agonist[21] and although it is unclear how significant this action is for the anti-addictive effects of ibogaine, it is likely to be important for the hallucinogenic effects.[22] Ibogaine is also a sigma2 receptor agonist.[23]


Metabolites
Ibogaine is metabolized in the human body by cytochrome P450 2D6, and the major metabolite is noribogaine (12-hydroxyibogamine). Noribogaine is most potent as a serotonin reuptake inhibitor and acts as moderate κ- and weak µ-opioid receptor full agonist and has therefore also an aspect of an opiate replacement similar to compounds like methadone. Both ibogaine and noribogaine have a plasma half-life of around thirty minutes, although the half-life or noribogaine is slightly longer than the parent compound. It is proposed that ibogaine is deposited in fat and metabolized into noribogaine as it is released.[24] Noribogaine shows higher plasma levels than ibogaine and may therefore be detected for longer periods of time than ibogaine. Noribogaine is also more potent than ibogaine in rat drug discrimination assays when tested for the subjective effects of ibogaine.[25] Noribogaine differs from ibogaine in that it contains a phenolic hydroxy instead of a methoxy group at the 12 position.


Analogs
A synthetic derivative of ibogaine, 18-methoxycoronaridine (18-MC) is a selective α3β4 antagonist that was developed collaboratively by the neurologist Stanley D. Glick (Albany) and the chemist Martin E. Kuehne (Vermont).[26]

Voacangine, a close natural analog of ibogaine found in the tree bark of the Voacanga africana tree, is a common ingredient in the semi-synthesis of ibogaine because it is more abundant and easily accessible than iboga rootbark.[27] Based on their structural similarity to ibogaine and 18-MC and their binding properties in vitro, it is likely that other alkaloidal components of T. iboga and V. africana such as voacangine, ibogamine and coronaridine also contribute to the anti-addictive properties of the extracts from these plants.




Usage

Addiction Interruption
Proponents of ibogaine treatment for drug addiction have established formal and informal clinics or self-help groups in Canada, Mexico, the Caribbean, Costa Rica, the Czech Republic, France, Slovenia, the Netherlands, Brazil, South Africa, the United Kingdom and New Zealand where ibogaine is administered as an experimental drug. Although the full nature of Ibogaine is still emerging, it appears that the most effective treatment paradigm involves visionary doses of ibogaine of 10 to 20 mg/kg, producing an interruption of opiate withdrawal and craving. Many users of ibogaine report experiencing visual phenomena during a waking dream state, such as instructive replays of life events that led to their addiction, while others report therapeutic shamanic visions that help them conquer the fears and negative emotions that might drive their addiction. It is proposed that intensive counseling and therapy during the interruption period following treatment is of significant value. Some patients require a second or third treatment session with ibogaine over the course of the next 12 to 18 months as it will provide a greater efficacy in extinguishing the opiate addiction or other drug dependence syndrome. A minority of patients relapse completely into opiate addiction within days or weeks. A comprehensive article (Lotsof 1995) on the subject of ibogaine therapy, detailing the procedure, effects and aftereffects is found in, "Ibogaine in the Treatment of Chemical Dependence Disorders: Clinical Perspectives".[28]


Chronic pain management
In 1957, Jurg Schneider, a pharmacologist at CIBA, found that ibogaine potentiates morphine analgesia.[29] Further research was abandoned and no additional data was ever published by Ciba researchers on ibogaine/opioid interactions. Almost 50 years later Patrick Kroupa and Hattie Wells released the first treatment protocol for concomitant administration of ibogaine with opioids in human subjects indicating ibogaine reduced tolerance to opioid drugs.[30] Kroupa, et al., published their research in the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS) Journal demonstrating that administration of low "maintenance" doses of ibogaine HCl with opioids decreases tolerance.


Degenerative neural diseases
Substances that promote the expression of GDNF, such as ibogaine, are known to provide benefit in treating neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease. Other ligands in the GDNF family may hold promise for treating related neurodegenerative diseases such as ALS and Alzheimer's disease.[31]


Side effects
At therapeutic doses, ibogaine has an active window of 24 to 48 hours, is often physically and mentally exhausting and produces ataxia for as long as twelve hours, in some cases even longer. Nausea that may lead to vomiting is not uncommon throughout the experience. Such unpleasant symptoms tend to reduce the attractiveness of ibogaine as a recreational drug at therapeutic doses, however, at lower doses ibogaine is known to have stimulant effects. Some users administer ibogaine by enema in order to avoid nausea.

In one study using dogs as the subject, ibogaine has been observed to increase sinus arrhythmia (the normal change in heart rate during respiration).[4] Ventricular ectopy has been observed in a minority of patients during ibogaine therapy. [5] It has been proposed that there is a theoretical risk of QT-interval prolongation following ibogaine administration, but no actual occurrence of this phenomenon has been published to date. [6]

There are 8 documented fatalities that have been loosely associated with ibogaine ingestion. [7]. Autopsies have failed to implicate ibogaine as the sole cause of death due to some patients having significant pre-existing medical problems, and some patients surreptitiously consuming other drugs such as heroin against medical indications during or after ibogaine treatment.


Research
An ibogaine research project was funded by the US National Institute on Drug Abuse in the early 1990s. The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) abandoned efforts to continue this project into clinical studies in 1995, citing other reports that suggested a risk of brain damage with extremely high doses and fatal heart arrhythmia in patients having a history of health problems, as well as inadequate funding for ibogaine development within their budget. However, NIDA funding for ibogaine research continues in indirect grants often cited in peer reviewed ibogaine publications.

In addition, after years of work and a number of significant changes to the original protocol, on August 17, 2006, a MAPS-sponsored research team received "unconditional approval" from a Canadian Institutional Review Board (IRB) to proceed with a long-term observational case study that will examine changes in substance use in 20 consecutive people seeking ibogaine-based addiction treatment for opiate dependence at Iboga Therapy House in Vancouver.


Legal status
Ibogaine and its salts were regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 1967 pursuant to its enhanced authority to regulate stimulants, depressants and hallucinogens granted by the 1965 Drug Abuse Control Amendments (DACA) to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. In 1970, with the passage of the Controlled Substances Act, it was classified as a Schedule I controlled substance in the United States, along with other psychedelics such as LSD and mescaline. Since that time, several other countries, including Sweden, Denmark, Belgium, and Switzerland, have also banned the sale and possession of ibogaine.

In early 2006, a non-profit foundation addressing the issue of providing ibogaine for the purpose of addiction interruption within establishment drug treatment care was formed in Sweden.[32]


Media references

Documentary and autobiographical
Ibogaine: Rite Of Passage is a documentary film about the use of ibogaine in Bwiti tradition and addiction medicine. [8]
Daniel Pinchbeck writes of his own experience with ibogaine (among other psychoactives) in "Breaking Open The Head" [9]
Ibogaine was the topic of a segment the American public radio series This American Life, Week of December 1, 2006. The show called "Sink or Swim" documented the story of a former addict who opened an underground addiction treatment service using ibogaine.

Incidental fictionalized/fanciful references in popular media
The X-Files, Season 8, Episode 7, "Via Negativa". Originally aired: 12/17/2000. Summary: a serial killer/cult leader uses Ibogaine to astral-project and kill his victims.
CSI, Season 2, Episode 4, "Getting Off". Originally aired: 1/1/2004. Summary: An underground ibogaine treatment provider is murdered by dealers of morphine and cocaine who perceive ibogaine's anti-addictive properties as a threat to their business.
Ibogaine is also mentioned in the book "2012: The Return of Queztcoatl" by Daniel Pinchbeck. [10]
Hunter S Thompson alleged in his book Fear and Loathing: On the Campaign Trail '72 [33] that United States Democratic Party presidential hopeful Edmund Muskie used ibogaine during his 1972 campaign. This is also voiced in 1972 articles in Rolling Stone magazine. Thompson also claims to have used ibogaine himself.
In the movie Good Will Hunting, the character Skylar (a chemistry student) cites the complex and time-consuming task of assigning the proton spectrum for ibogaine as an excuse for declining a social invitation.

See also
Psychedelic drug
Dissociative drug
Psychoactive drug
Oneirophrenia
Deborah Mash

External links
Ibogaine Dossier
Ibogaine UK
MindVox Ibogaine Site and Forums
The Ibogaine Research Project
Audio segment on This American Life, Week of December 1, 2006, "Sink or Swim" documents the story of a former addict who opens an underground addiction treatment service using Ibogaine.
The Staten Island Project: The Ibogaine Story
Ibogaine Patients' Bill of Rights
Ibogaine & Addiction
Ibogaine on CBS Channel 5; February, 2005
Ten years of therapy in one night
Ibogaine: A Novel Anti-Addictive Compound - A Comprehensive Literature Review
Links to external chemical sources
[hide]v • d • eDrugs from TiHKAL
AL-LAD • DBT • DET • DIPT • 5-MeO-α-MT • DMT • 2,α-DMT • α,N-DMT • DPT • EIPT • α-ET • ETH-LAD • Harmaline • Harmine • 4-HO-DBT • 4-HO-DET • 4-HO-DiPT • 4-HO-DMT • 5-HO-DMT • 4-HO-DPT • 4-HO-MET • 4-HO-MiPT • 4-HO-MPT • 4-HO-pyr-T • Ibogaine • LSD • MBT • 4,5-MDO-DiPT • 5,6-MDO-DiPT • 4,5-MDO-DMT • 5,6-MDO-DMT • 5,6-MDO-MiPT • 2-Me-DET • 2-Me-DMT • Melatonin • 5-MeO-DET • 5-MeO-DiPT • 5-MeO-DMT • 4-MeO-MiPT • 5-MeO-MiPT • 5,6-MeO-MiPT • 5-MeO-NMT • 5-MeO-pyr-T • 6-MeO-THH • 5-MeO-TMT • 5-MeS-DMT • MiPT • α-MT • NET • NMT • PRO-LAD • pyr-T • Tryptamine • Tetrahydroharmine • α,N,O-TMS



References
^ a)Taylor WI (1965): "The Iboga and Voacanga Alkaloids" (Journal?), Pages 203, 207 and 208. Oxidation products: peroxides; indolenine, iboquine and iboluteine. pdf b) Also compare PMID 16959135
^ Jenks CW (2002)
^ [1]
^ J. Dybowski, E. Landrin (1901). "PLANT CHEMISTRY. Concerning Iboga, its excitement-producing properties, its composition, and the new alkaloid it contains, ibogaine". C. R. Acad. Sci. 133: 748. Retrieved on 2006-06-23.
^ G. Büchi, D.L. Coffen, Karoly Kocsis, P.E. Sonnet, and Frederick E. Ziegler (1966). "The Total Synthesis of Iboga Alkaloids" (pdf). J. Am. Chem. Soc. 88 (13): 3099-3109. Retrieved on 2006-06-23.
^ C. Frauenfelder (1999) Doctoral Thesis, page 24 (pdf)
^ E.D. Dzoljic et al. (1988): "Effect of ibogaine on naloxone-precipitated withdrawal syndrome in chronic morphine-dependent rats" Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther. 294, 64-70
^ Glick S.D., Rossman K., Steindorf S., Maisonneuve I.M., and Carlson J.N. (1991). "Effects and aftereffects of ibogaine on morphine self-administration in rats". Eur. J. Pharmacol 195 (3): 341-345. Retrieved on 2006-06-24.
^ Cappendijk SLT, Dzoljic MR (1993). "Inhibitory effects of ibogaine on cocaine self-administration in rats". European Journal of Pharmacology 241: 261-265. Retrieved on 2006-06-25.
^ Rezvani, A., Overstreet D., and Lee, Y. (1995). "Attenuation of alcohol intake by ibogaine in three strains of alcohol preferring rats.". Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behaviour 52: 615-620. Retrieved on 2006-06-25.
^ Alper et al. (1999) "Treatment of acute opioid withdrawal with ibogaine." Am J Addict. 1999 Summer;8(3):234-42 (pdf)
^ D.C. Mash, et al. (2000). Ibogaine: Complex Pharmacokinetics, Concerns for Safety, and Preliminary Efficacy Measures (pdf). Neurobiological Mechanisms of Drugs of Abuse Volume 914 of the Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, September 2000.
^ C. Naranjo. The Healing Journey. Chapter V, Ibogaine: Fantasy and Reality, 197-231, Pantheon Books, Div. Random House,ISBN 0394488261, New York (1973)
^ P. Popik, P. Skolnick (1998). Pharmacology of Ibogaine and Ibogaine-Related Alkaloids. The Alkaloids 52, Chapter 3, 197-231, Academic Press, Editor: G.A. Cordell
^ K.R. Alper (2001). Ibogaine: A Review. The Alkaloids 56, 1-38, Academic Press (pdf)
^ He, Dao-Yao et al. (2005): "Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Mediates the Desirable Actions of the Anti-Addiction Drug Ibogaine against Alcohol Consumption." Journal of Neuroscience, 25(3), pp. 619–628. Fulltext
^ Glick SD, Maisonneuve IM, Kitchen BA, Fleck MW. Antagonism of alpha 3 beta 4 nicotinic receptors as a strategy to reduce opioid and stimulant self-administration. European Journal of Pharmacology. 2002 Mar 1;438(1-2):99-105.
^ Glick SD, Maisonneuve IM, Kitchen BA. Modulation of nicotine self-administration in rats by combination therapy with agents blocking alpha 3 beta 4 nicotinic receptors. European Journal of Pharmacology. 2002 Jul 19;448(2-3):185-91.
^ Fryer JD, Lukas RJ. Noncompetitive functional inhibition at diverse, human nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes by bupropion, phencyclidine, and ibogaine. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 1999 Jan;288(1):88-92.
^ Popik P, Layer RT, Skolnick P (1994): "The putative anti-addictive drug ibogaine is a competitive inhibitor of [3H]MK-801 binding to the NMDA receptor complex." Psychopharmacology (Berl), 114(4), 672-4. Abstract
^ Glick SD et al. (1999): "(±)-18-Methoxycoronaridine: A Novel Iboga Alkaloid Congener Having Potential Anti-Addictive Efficacy." CNS Drug Reviews, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 27-42, see p. 35. Fulltext
^ Helsley S, Fiorella D, Rabin RA, Winter JC. Behavioral and biochemical evidence for a nonessential 5-HT2A component of the ibogaine-induced discriminative stimulus. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behaviour. 1998 Feb;59(2):419-25.
^ Mach RH, Smith CR, Childers SR (1995): "Ibogaine possesses a selective affinity for sigma 2 receptors." Life Sciences, 57(4), PL57-62. Abstract
^ Lindsay B. Hough, Sandra M. Pearl and Stanley D. Glick. Tissue Distribution of Ibogaine After Intraperitoneal and Subscutaneous Administration. Life Sciences 58(7) (1996): 119–122. Abstract
^ C Zubaran MD, M Shoaib Ph.D, IP Stolerman Ph.D, J Pablo MS and DC Mash Ph.D. Noribogaine Generalization to the Ibogaine Stimulus: Correlation with Noribogaine Concentration in Rat Brain. Neuropsychopharmacology (1999) 21 119-126.10.1038/sj.npp.1395327. [2]
^ Christopher J. Pace, Stanley D. Glick, Isabelle M. Maisonneuve, Li-Wen Heb, Patrick A. Jokiel, Martin E. Kuehne, Mark W. Fleck. Novel iboga alkaloid congeners block nicotinic receptors and reduce drug self-administration. European Journal of Pharmacology 492 (2004): 159–167.
^ [3]
^ H.S. Lotsof (1995). Ibogaine in the Treatment of Chemical Dependence Disorders: Clinical Perspectives (Originally published in MAPS Bulletin (1995) V(3):19-26)
^ Jurg Schneider (assignee: Ciba Pharmaceuticals), Tabernanthine, Ibogaine Containing Analgesic Compositions. US Patent No. 2,817,623 (1957) (pdf)
^ Patrick K. Kroupa, Hattie Wells (2005): Ibogaine in the 21st Century. Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies. Volume XV, Number 1: 21-25 (pdf)
^ Dao-Yao and Ron (2006) http://www.fasebj.org/cgi/content/abstract/fj.06-6394fjev1
^ Stiftelsen Iboga´s web site
^ Thompson, Hunter S. Fear and Loathing: On the Campaign Trail '72. (San Francisco, Straight Arrow Books, 1973; Warner Books, 1985, ISBN 0-446-31364-5)
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibogaine"
Categories: Indole alkaloids | Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants | Iboga | Addiction | Drug rehabilitation | Serotonin receptor agonists | Sigma agonists | NMDA receptor antagonists | Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists | VMAT inhibitors

[Albi]

pics

[Albi]

"...other plants of reputed narcotic properties are involved in the Iboga cults, sometimes used alone, somethimes as admixtures with Tabernanthe iboga itself. Cannabis Sativa--known as Yama or Beyama--may often be smoked following ingestion of small doses of Iboga. In Gabon, Cannabis resin may on occasion be eaten with Iboga...."

[Albi]

will try to write/scan some pages from Daniel Pinchbeck's books on Iboga quests.....

[c-ray]

cool info about the cannabis...potentiator effect maybe?

[Green Supreme]

Might prevent nausea too. Peace GS

[Albi]

Pinchbeck writes:

"...for a hip-hop magazine, I went to the jungle of Gabon, a small country on the equator of West Africa, to take iboga, a psychedelic root bark that is the center of the Bwiti cult-my desire to connect with some spiritual source overwhelmed any fear of malaria, Ebola, or tribal violence. Even before the trip began, I seemed to enter a zone of hyperreality. My visa from Gabon was inexplicably postponed, arriving on my doorstep just hours before my flight to Paris. In France, I learned my connection to Gabon had been canceled, and I spent the night in an airport hotel, wondering if my guide would still be waiting when I arrived. Luckily, he was there for me, and we traveled from hot, oppressive Libreville into dense jungle. Out in the shaman's tribal village before the ceremony, more money was demanded from us by the screaming Bwiti-I had paid 600 dollars and hardly had a penny left to my name. Finally, they agreed, gruffly, to put me through the initiation anyway. They forced me to strip naked and bathe before the men of the tribe in the local stream, gave me a Bwiti costume to wear, then fed me a huge amount of vile-tasting root bark powder..."

[Albi]

"...at the beginning of the night-long ordeal, while the tribe drummed and sang around me, I saw, open-eyed, a golem-like figure made of rough tree branches sit down on a bench, cross his legs, and lean forward, obeserving me curiously. I was later told this was the spirit of Iboga, coming to meet me. Afterward, I watched Scrabble-like letters turn in the air to spell out a curious phase:"Touchers Teach Too"-one of a series of hints that seemed vaguely prophetic. For much of the night. I was taken on a detalied tour of my early life.. many reports of iboga trips describe such a biographical survey, though nobody knows how a complex alkaloid molecule can unlock such deep doors in the psyche, or how neurochemical reactions can create the sense I had-reported by others as well-of a presence guiding me through the process..."

[Albi]

"...I reviewed my childhood, confronting old terrors. I saw how my parents' split had impacted my psyche, marking me with guilt feelings of responsibility. I was shown my misuse of alcohol-after the trip, I cut down on my drinking permanently. I had heard iboga described as "ten years of therapy in one night", and there seemed to be some truth to this. Iboga was like a stern but just father figure, pointing out all of my faults. At the same time, it imparted an exhilarating sense of possibility. Despite my conditioning and the forces that shaped me, Iboga whispered to me, I was free to reinvent myself, if I could find the will to do so. A few nights later, we attende another iboga ceremony with a friendlier Bwiti sect in another jungle village. For hours we sat around a fire, and I observed how the members of the tribe tended the flame, adding wood or damping it down at just the right moment, without uttering a word. I realized they cared for each other in the same way; this was an insight into tribal life, a shared sense of purpose, a trust and fierce pride that we in the modern world have forfeited. I felt the deep loss of it. During that ceremony, one of the shamans-a powerful jet-black-skinned man with eyes bright from eating iboga powder-said he saw my grandmother hovering over me. "she loved you very much," she said through a translator, "but now she is dead, and she doesn't want to let you go. Her spirit is hanging over you. She is stopping you from seeing visions, from visiting the other world." My grandmother had died recently. It did not seem accidental that the Bwiti was s specific about her, but how could he have seen this? I did not believe in "spirits." However, if there were such things, my grandmother would be the type who hung around. She had clung to life tenaciously, as if awaiting some hope that life denied her..."

[Albi]

"...Hyperreality continued on my return to the United States: I had a one-night layover in Paris, where a friend was lending me his apartment. I walked into a crowded cafe to watch France win the World Cup on television, then wandered all night as the city erupted, in delirious fountain splashings and climbings of monuments, that seemed to me, coming out of the primordial jungle, peculiarly histrionic and unreal.
A few months after returning hme, I dreamed of my grandmother rattling around my apartment, going through my things, looking for "papers." I screamed at her throwing her out of the house. When I awoke, I felt strengthened, as though I had somehow cleared my psychic premises of a lingering ghost. This was not the only odd correspodence: Daniel Lieberman, the young Jewish botanist who brought me to the Bwiti, told he wasn't going to live very long. Two years after our journey, I recieved an e-mail that he had died in a freakish car accident, on his thirty-thrid birthday, whille traveling across South Africa..."

FIN

[Albi]

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I need some help here :yeahthat:

[nuggdigger]

hiya, hope this is the one you were trying to setup..the same youtube #'s, etc..but its french:beatnik:

YKBX6LA76GI

fwiw..down in the bottom left corner of the page is a box labelled Posting Rules. Clicking on the vBcode link will open a new page showing all the vBcode and how to use it:)

peace:pipe:

[Albi]

nuggdigger!:sun:

k+ as we used to say back in the days hehe


more Pinchbeck on the way soon...

[Albi]

The duna mushroom
There is surprisingly another fact in other versions of the myth; together with iboga, a mushroom named duna plays a significant symbolic role. In these versions, the spirit of the dead tell Bandzioku to put the iboga roots on top of the mushroom, using it as a plate or a basket. They could also ask her to eat the iboga root placed on top of the mushroom, or they could request that she eat iboga together with the mushroom. Fernandez (1972: 246; 1982: 636) had already pointed out the importance and the urgency to check whether or not this mushroom found in the reality and mythology of the Fang is psychoactive, but to this day its taxonomic classification is not known. Raponda-Walker & Sillans (1961: 457) have made reference to an opparently edible mushroom called dune by the Fang, duna in Bakele, and kuna in Mitsogho; it is said to resemble a big funnel-shaped hat, with many vegetating filaments, which may be the size of a human head. The bulk of this white mass, dried and mashed, is used in certain sorcery rituals. Fernandez’ informants also made reference to the evidence of the ingestion of this mushroom in its powdered form to obtain psychedelic effects, such practice also exists within the Bwiti (Fernandez 1972: 246). Yet, to the people of the Nganga Dissumba sect, the duna mushroom is the symbol of the brain of the first man to die (Swiderski 1990-1991, vol. V: 79).
In the course of my own personal investigation of the Bwitists as well as other individuals encountered in Gabon, I confirmed the fact that this mushroom is still part of the collective memory of the Fang. For example, a man named Joseph in Libreville informed me that this mushroom is associated with sorcery, that it grows in the nearby forest, that it is round, its external coler is dark and it is white within. It is ingested with ather vegetables to obtain visions during sleep. Its bark is used to manufacture fetishes. According to this man, the mushroom was never used together with iboga. The Bwitist chants of old make reference to non-specified mushrooms which may bear symbolic association with the tatoos, and surprisingly, also with lightning (Raponda-Walker & Sillans 1962: 217-8). Apart from the Bwiti, in the folklore and popular tales of this geographical area, there have been recent ethnomycologic reports of special interest.
All this seems to indicate that in this zone of Equatorial Africa there exists the knowledge and utilization of psychoactive mushrooms, especially in the past. Besides, the relationship of man and psychedelic mushrooms would not appear to be a recent development in Africa, as is demonstrated by recent ethnomycologic studies (cf. Samorini 1992). It may be that with the discovery of other hallucinogenic vegetables (a/an, iboga) the mushrooms (at least the duna mushroom) may have been gradually substituted in the religious rituals. Its current use, therefore, could only involve certain singular Bwitist environments, or in association with the iboga, or sorcery.

[Green Supreme]

There was a one page article on the Sunshine Coast Iboga house in the Vancouver Province newspaper today. Peace GS

[plantbuilder]

http://www.canada.com/theprovince/story.html?id=09a3b939-f0cd-4cfe-a77b-c9d3f5f22068&k=39964

[Green Supreme]

Thanks buddy. Peace GS

[vapor]

saw that one interesting eh!

[purplehaze2]

wow ! albi that was a trippy storie.thats some good root.